Sensation And Perception

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals (IE noise, seeing a person as colour and motion)

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense (IE recognizing human voices, understanding certain colours ect)

Front 3

Transduction

Back 3

when specialized receptors transform the physical energy or the outside world into neural impulses

Front 4

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Back 4

An idea purposed in 1826 by Johannes muller, that said there was different sensory organs in the brain for each of the senses we experience.

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Sensory Adaptation

Back 5

The reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Front 6

Psychophysics

Back 6

The field of study that explores how physical energy such as light and sound and their intensity relate to psychological experience.

Front 7

Absolute threshold

Back 7

The minimum amount of energy or quantity of stimuli required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time.

Front 8

Difference threshold

Back 8

is the smallest difference between stimuli that can be reliably detected at least 50% of the time.

Front 9

Signal detection theory

Back 9

States that whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both sensory experience and judgement by the subject.

Front 10

Gestalt's Five Principles

Back 10

FIGURE & GROUND, PROXIMITY, SIMLARITY, CONTINUITY, AND CLOSURE.

Front 11

Divided attention

Back 11

paying attention to more than one stimuli at a time

Front 12

Selective attention

Back 12

involves focusing on one particular event or task

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unintentional blindness

Back 13

A failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

Front 14

The Scelra

Back 14

is the white, outer surface of the eye and the

Front 15

The Cornea

Back 15

is the clear later that covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes to its ability to focus. (Light enters the cornea to the pupil)

Front 16

The Pupil

Back 16

Regulates the amount of light that enters by changing its size (dilates to expand allowing more light) and (contricts to shrink allowing less light)

Front 17

The lens

Back 17

Is a clear structure that focuses the light onto the back of the eye and controls the size of the pupil. It can change shape to angle the light properly: (known as accommodation)

Front 18

Retina

Back 18

the inner surface of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to properties of light to the brain.

Front 19

Photoreceptors

Back 19

receptors at the back of the retina

Front 20

Optic nerve

Back 20

A dense bundle of fibres that connect to the brain (creates the optic disk - blindspot --> from sitting on the retina)

Front 21

Rods

Back 21

are photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina; they are highly sensitive to light under low light levels.

Front 22

Cones

Back 22

are the photoreceptors that are sensitive to the different wavelengths of the light that we perceive as colour (in the centre of the eye)

Front 23

Fovea

Back 23

the central region of the eye

Front 24

Dark Adaptation

Back 24

The process by which the rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under dark illumination. (approx. 20 minutes)

Front 25

The trichomatic theory

Back 25

Maintains that colour vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium and long wavelengths of light.

Front 26

Opponent process theory

Back 26

we perceive colour in terms of opposing pairs: red to green, blue to yellow, back to white ect.

(REBOUND EFFECT ON WHITE WALLS)

Front 27

Optic Chiasm

Back 27

The point at which nerves cross the midpoint of the brain, (see page 103)

Front 28

Perceptual constancy

Back 28

the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape size and colour despite changes in perception.

Front 29

Binocular depth cues

Back 29

are distance cues that are bases on the differing perspectives of both eyes.

Front 30

Convergence

Back 30

a binocular depth cue, occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object.

Front 31

Retinal disparity

Back 31

the difference in relative position of an object seen by both eyes, which provides information to the brain about depth.

Front 32

Stereoscopic vision

Back 32

vision in which occurs from overlapping visual fields.

Front 33

Monocular cues

Back 33

are depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye

Front 34

Motion parallax

Back 34

used when surroundings are in motion, speed size and depth all change.

Front 35

Pitch

Back 35

is the perceptual experience of sound wave frequency - high or low-

Front 36

pinna

Back 36

the outer region that helps channel sound waves into the ear and allows the source and location of the sound to be determined.

Front 37

The auditory canal

Back 37

extends from the pinna to the eardrum. Sounds reaching the eardrum cause it to vibrate.

Front 38

The middle of the ear

Back 38

Three moveable bones called OSSICLES

1) the malleus(hammer)

2) incus (anvil)

3) Stapes (stirrup)

Front 39

Cochlea

Back 39

ossicles are attached in the inner ear: a fluid filled membrane that is coiled in a snail like shape and contains structures that convert sound into neural impulses.

Front 40

Thalumus

Back 40

the signal relay station of the brain - receives signals from firing hairs and vibrations from the basilar membrane of the cochlea

Front 41

Auditory cortex

Back 41

the next stop for the signals inside the temporal lobes.

Front 42

Sound localization

Back 42

The process of identifying where sound comes from. (handled by the brainstem and inferior colliculus.)

Front 43

Two ways to localize sound

Back 43

First, take advantage of the slight time difference it takes for sound to hit both ears. Second, we base it off intensity of the sound (known as sound shadow)

Front 44

Place theory of hearing

Back 44

how we perceive pitch is based on the location along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates.

Front 45

frequency theory

Back 45

the perception of pitch is related to the frequency in which the basilar membrane vibrates.

Front 46

Volley principle

Back 46

the human hearing cannot go above 1000 HZ

Front 47

Primary auditory cortex

Back 47

is a major perceptual centre of the brain involved in perceiving what we hear.

Front 48

Secondary auditory cortex

Back 48

helps us interpret complex sounds

Front 49

Somatosensory cortex

Back 49

located in the parietal lobes of the brain, the neural region associated with your sense of touch.

Front 50

Haptics

Back 50

is the active, exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception.

Front 51

Kinesthesis

Back 51

The sense of bodily motion and position

Front 52

Nocieception

Back 52

is the activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation.