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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Absolute Threshold
minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system.
Difference threshold
how different two stimuli are in magnitude before they are perceived to be different.
JND
Just noticeable difference. The amount that needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that she notices the difference.
Webber’s law
what is important in producing the jnd is not the absolute difference between the two stimuli but the ratio of them.
Webbers Constant
represented by I/I = K or S/S = K. Represents the ratio of amount The constant of the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a JND divided by the intensity of the standard stimulus
Signal detection theory
nonsensory factors influence what the subject says she senses. I.e. if cautious waits till absolutely certain before identifying a stimulus
Response bias
the tendency of a subject to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors
ROC Curve
Reciever operating characteristic curve. Used to graphically summarize a subject’s responses in a signal detection experiment.
What do all sensory information systems have in common?
-Reception: processing sensory information.
-Transduction: The translation of physical energy into neural impulses
-Projection areas: Brain area that further analyses sensory input
Fovea
middle section and most sensitive part of eye. Contains only cones.
Cells pathway from receptors to optic nerve?
-horizontal > amacrine > Bipolar cells > Ganglion: make up optic nerve
Visual Pathway?
Optic Nerve > Optic Chasm > Optic Tract > Visual relay in thalamus
Optic Chiasm
Where fibers from the nasal half of the retina cross paths. Nasal fibers from left eye go to right eye and visa versa
Nasal Fibers
fibers in eye closer to nasal passage cross over one another going to opposite sides of brain
Temporal fibers
do not cross over each other on way to brain
Terms associated with eye need to memorize
Lateral geniculate nucleus, thalamus, visual cortex superior colliculus
is the primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
assists in controlling eye movements, saccades, as well as other motor responses.?
Superior colliculus
Feature detection theory
developed by Hubel and Wiesel. Certain cells in the corex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli. Distinguised three types of cells: simple complx and hyper complex
Simple Cells Eye
give information about orientation and boundary of object
Complex Cells Eye
Give more advanced information about object such as movement
Hypercomplex Cells eye
Give abstract information like object’s shape
Illumination
the amount of light falling on an object
Brightness
the subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus
Rhodopsin
chemical contained in the rods of the eye that enables a person to see in dim lighting
simultaneous brightness contrast
a target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus
Lateral inhibition
adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another. Sharpens and highlights borders between dark and light area
subtractive color mixture
Combining of colored pigments in the form of paints, inks, pastels, and so on. Reflected light is reduced as pigment colors are combined.
additive color mixing
When light colors are combined (as with overlapping spotlights), the result becomes successively lighter
Trichromatic theory
s the condition of possessing three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different cone types. Red, blue, green
opponent process
human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The three types of cones (L for long, M for medium and S for short) have some overlap in the wavelengths of light to which they respond, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response
Interposition
a cue for depth perception when one object overlaps another. Results in us perceiving the overlapping item as in front of the overlapped item.
Relative size
cue for depth perception, as object gets farther away it’s image on the retina gets smaller. Can tell how far away something is from you relative to another object by comparing size of image on retina with what you actually know about the object
Linear perspective
cue for depth perception the convergence of parallel lines in the distance indicates how far away object is.
Texture gradients
cue for depth perception, variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer.
Motion parallax
Motion Parallax provides perceptual cues about difference in distance and motion, and is associated with depth perception. As an example, if you're riding in a car, objects that are close to you seem to go by really quickly (for example, a road sign that you pass), but objects that are further away appear to move much more slowly.
Binocular parallax
retinal disparity between the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye
Law of proximity
elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
Law of similarity
objects that are similar tend to be grouped together.
Law of good continuation
elements that appear to follow in the same direction ie. Straight line or simple curve, tend to be grouped together.
Subjective contours
perceiving shapes that are not present in the physical stimulus.
law of closure
the tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete
law of pragnanz
perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible
bottom up processing
object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules brain sees components and puts together to form object
top down processing
refers to object perception that is guided by conceptual processes brain recognizes object and then perceives its components
Apparent motion
when two or more stationary lights flicker in succession they tend to be perceived as a single moving light.
Induced motion
a stationary point of light appears to move when background moves
autokinetic effect
a stationary point of light, when viewed in an otherwise totally dark room appears to move as result of involuntary eye movements.
Motion after effect
if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when motion stops.
Size constancy
refers to the fact that our perceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance
shape constancy
Tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain constant despite variations in the shape of its retinal image
lightness constancy
the fact that despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object the apparent lightness of the object remains unchanged.
Color Constancy
Tendency for the perceived color of an objec to remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it
superior colliculus
important in vision
Inferior colluculus
involved in hearing
medial genculate nucleus in the thalamus
involved in hearing
somatosnsory cortex
touch
two point threshold
the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
Gate theory of pain
theory that there is a gating mchanism in the spinal chord that turns pain signals on and off.
Place theory
each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate. These different places in turn cause different hair cells to bend
Frequency theory
suggests that the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and that the rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus
What’s a part of the outer ear and what is its’ function?
made up of pinna(ear flap) and eardrum (tympanic membrane). Designed to funnel sound into body.
what makes up middle ear and what is it’s function?
ossicles, hammer anvil and stirrup, transmit vibrations of the typanum to the inner ear
what makes up inner ear what is it’s function?
oval window cochlea basilar membrane organ of corti responsible for balance orientation and translating sound to auditory nerve
basilar membrane
a supporting membrane, especially the membrane that supports the organ of Corti in the ear and aids in translating sound vibrations into electrical signals.
Vestibular sense
has to do with our sense of balance and of our bodily position relative to gravity detected by semicircular canals in inner ear
Kinesthetic sense
has to do with awareness of body movement and position