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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Absolute Threshold
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minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system.
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Difference threshold
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how different two stimuli are in magnitude before they are perceived to be different.
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JND
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Just noticeable difference. The amount that needs to be added to or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that she notices the difference.
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Webber’s law
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what is important in producing the jnd is not the absolute difference between the two stimuli but the ratio of them.
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Webbers Constant
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represented by I/I = K or S/S = K. Represents the ratio of amount The constant of the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a JND divided by the intensity of the standard stimulus
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Signal detection theory
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nonsensory factors influence what the subject says she senses. I.e. if cautious waits till absolutely certain before identifying a stimulus
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Response bias
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the tendency of a subject to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors
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ROC Curve
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Reciever operating characteristic curve. Used to graphically summarize a subject’s responses in a signal detection experiment.
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What do all sensory information systems have in common?
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-Reception: processing sensory information.
-Transduction: The translation of physical energy into neural impulses -Projection areas: Brain area that further analyses sensory input |
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Fovea
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middle section and most sensitive part of eye. Contains only cones.
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Cells pathway from receptors to optic nerve?
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-horizontal > amacrine > Bipolar cells > Ganglion: make up optic nerve
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Visual Pathway?
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Optic Nerve > Optic Chasm > Optic Tract > Visual relay in thalamus
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Optic Chiasm
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Where fibers from the nasal half of the retina cross paths. Nasal fibers from left eye go to right eye and visa versa
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Nasal Fibers
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fibers in eye closer to nasal passage cross over one another going to opposite sides of brain
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Temporal fibers
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do not cross over each other on way to brain
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Terms associated with eye need to memorize
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Lateral geniculate nucleus, thalamus, visual cortex superior colliculus
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is the primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye.
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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assists in controlling eye movements, saccades, as well as other motor responses.?
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Superior colliculus
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Feature detection theory
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developed by Hubel and Wiesel. Certain cells in the corex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli. Distinguised three types of cells: simple complx and hyper complex
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Simple Cells Eye
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give information about orientation and boundary of object
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Complex Cells Eye
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Give more advanced information about object such as movement
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Hypercomplex Cells eye
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Give abstract information like object’s shape
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Illumination
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the amount of light falling on an object
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Brightness
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the subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus
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Rhodopsin
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chemical contained in the rods of the eye that enables a person to see in dim lighting
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simultaneous brightness contrast
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a target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus
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Lateral inhibition
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adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another. Sharpens and highlights borders between dark and light area
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subtractive color mixture
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Combining of colored pigments in the form of paints, inks, pastels, and so on. Reflected light is reduced as pigment colors are combined.
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additive color mixing
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When light colors are combined (as with overlapping spotlights), the result becomes successively lighter
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Trichromatic theory
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s the condition of possessing three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different cone types. Red, blue, green
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opponent process
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human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The three types of cones (L for long, M for medium and S for short) have some overlap in the wavelengths of light to which they respond, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response
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Interposition
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a cue for depth perception when one object overlaps another. Results in us perceiving the overlapping item as in front of the overlapped item.
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Relative size
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cue for depth perception, as object gets farther away it’s image on the retina gets smaller. Can tell how far away something is from you relative to another object by comparing size of image on retina with what you actually know about the object
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Linear perspective
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cue for depth perception the convergence of parallel lines in the distance indicates how far away object is.
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Texture gradients
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cue for depth perception, variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer.
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Motion parallax
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Motion Parallax provides perceptual cues about difference in distance and motion, and is associated with depth perception. As an example, if you're riding in a car, objects that are close to you seem to go by really quickly (for example, a road sign that you pass), but objects that are further away appear to move much more slowly.
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Binocular parallax
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retinal disparity between the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye
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Law of proximity
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elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
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Law of similarity
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objects that are similar tend to be grouped together.
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Law of good continuation
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elements that appear to follow in the same direction ie. Straight line or simple curve, tend to be grouped together.
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Subjective contours
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perceiving shapes that are not present in the physical stimulus.
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law of closure
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the tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete
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law of pragnanz
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perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible
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bottom up processing
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object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules brain sees components and puts together to form object
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top down processing
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refers to object perception that is guided by conceptual processes brain recognizes object and then perceives its components
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Apparent motion
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when two or more stationary lights flicker in succession they tend to be perceived as a single moving light.
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Induced motion
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a stationary point of light appears to move when background moves
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autokinetic effect
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a stationary point of light, when viewed in an otherwise totally dark room appears to move as result of involuntary eye movements.
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Motion after effect
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if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when motion stops.
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Size constancy
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refers to the fact that our perceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance
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shape constancy
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Tendency for the perceived shape of an object to remain constant despite variations in the shape of its retinal image
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lightness constancy
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the fact that despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object the apparent lightness of the object remains unchanged.
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Color Constancy
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Tendency for the perceived color of an objec to remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it
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superior colliculus
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important in vision
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Inferior colluculus
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involved in hearing
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medial genculate nucleus in the thalamus
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involved in hearing
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somatosnsory cortex
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touch
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two point threshold
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the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
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Gate theory of pain
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theory that there is a gating mchanism in the spinal chord that turns pain signals on and off.
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Place theory
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each different pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate. These different places in turn cause different hair cells to bend
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Frequency theory
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suggests that the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and that the rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus
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What’s a part of the outer ear and what is its’ function?
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made up of pinna(ear flap) and eardrum (tympanic membrane). Designed to funnel sound into body.
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what makes up middle ear and what is it’s function?
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ossicles, hammer anvil and stirrup, transmit vibrations of the typanum to the inner ear
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what makes up inner ear what is it’s function?
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oval window cochlea basilar membrane organ of corti responsible for balance orientation and translating sound to auditory nerve
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basilar membrane
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a supporting membrane, especially the membrane that supports the organ of Corti in the ear and aids in translating sound vibrations into electrical signals.
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Vestibular sense
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has to do with our sense of balance and of our bodily position relative to gravity detected by semicircular canals in inner ear
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Kinesthetic sense
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has to do with awareness of body movement and position
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