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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alpha particles
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4 He; charge=2+
2 |
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beta particles
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0 B; charge=1-
-1 |
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gamma particles
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0 Y; charge= 0
0 |
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nuclear fission
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element bombarded with high energy neutron, nucleus breaks into smaller atoms, gives off neutrons, which in turn, hit other nuclei...
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nuclear fusion
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smaller elements combine together
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advantages of fission vs. fusion
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stable products vs. produces more energy, not alot of nuclear waste
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disadvantages of fission vs. fusion
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nuclear waste, if left uncontrolled, can lead to EXPLOSION! vs. needs 40 million K to start
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solids
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vibrating particle motion, not compressible, constant volume, very strong IMF's
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liquids
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closely packed, slightly compressible, constant volume, IMF's limit range of motion
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gases
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far apart, constant, rapid, random motion, compressible, volume determined by container
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dispersion forces
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WEAK! diatomics (nonpolar molecules), high vapor pressure, gas at room temp.
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dipole-dipole forces
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polar molecules, stronger, lower vapor pressure, gas/liquid at room temp.
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hydrogen bonds
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H atoms with highly electronegative atoms, strongest!, lowest vapor pressure, liquid/solid at room temp!
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when halogens or elements have more molecules...
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stronger dispersion forces
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the stronger the IMF...
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the harder it is to separate molecules, the higher boiling/melting points
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effect of IMF, # of molecules, and temp. on viscosity?
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HIGHER imf and molecules, HIGHER v; HIGHER temp, LOWER v
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4 factors that affect gases
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temperature, pressure, volume, concentration
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what is STP?
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1 atm, 273 K, all gases= 22.4 L
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why does a bag pop?
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when the pressure is lower on the outside than inside
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why does the can get crushed?
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when the pressiure is higher on the outside than inside= molecules CONDENSE!
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when pressure increases....
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particles move closer together, collisions increase, kinetic energy increases
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real gases BEHAVE like ideal gases when...
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low pressure, high temperature
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real gases DEVIATE from ideal gases when...
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high pressure, low temperature
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factors that affect solubility
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pressure (as P increases, S increases); nature of solvent/solute; temperature (as T increases, S increases)
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how does temp. affect solubility IN A GAS?
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when temp INCREASES, particles have more kinetic energy and move faster, want to leave container, so solubility DECREASES
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heat enthalpy for exo and endo reactions?
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exo= negative (SPONTANEOUS)
endo= positive |
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endothermic phase changes
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(require energy)
MELTING SUBLIMATION VAPORIZATION |
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exothermic phase changes
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(release energy)
FREEZING DEPOSITION CONDENSATION |
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what do catalysts do to reaction rates?
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LOWER activated complex/Ea
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stronger acids have...
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more ions!
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strong acids and bases...
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ionize completely and are good conductors of energy
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neutralization reaction
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when acid and base combine to form water and a salt
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taste of acids, neutrals, and bases
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sour, none, bitter
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feel of acids, neutrals, and bases
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sharp, none, slippery
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pH range of acids, neutrals, and bases
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1-6, 7, 8-14
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hydronium ion concentration of acids, neutrals, and bases
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1.0 x 10 ^ -1 to 1.0 x 10 ^ -6
1.0 x 10 ^ -7 1.0 x 10 ^ -8 to 1.0 x 10 ^ -14 |
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hydroxide ion concentration of acids, neutrals, and bases
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1.0 x 10 ^ -14 to 1.0 x 10 ^ -8
1.0 x 10 ^ -7 1.0 x 10 ^ -6 to 1.0 x 10 ^ -1 |
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reaction w/ litmus paper of acids, neutrals, and bases
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turn red, no change, turn blue
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reaction w/ phenolphthalein of acids, neutrals, and bases
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turn colorless, no change, turn pink
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KNOW THE HEATING CURVE FOR WATER...
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AND THE EXO/ENDO THERMIC GRAPHS!
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