Semantics/pragmatics

Front 1

What does predication analysis do?

Back 1

Looks at how verbal predicates set the NPs in relation to one another

Front 2

Descriptive predicate

Back 2

qualifies/identifies the subject

Front 3

Stative pred + example

Back 3

denotes unchanging situation

ex. the pages are yellow

Front 4

Inchoative pred + example

Back 4

denotes change in state/beginning of new state

ex. the pages yellowed

Front 5

Information structuring

Back 5

how we organize language to create cohesive texts

Front 6

5 distinctions in info structuring

Back 6

1. given and new info
2. topic and comment
3. contrast
4. definite, indefinite
5. specific, nonspecific, generic

Front 7

Topic (3)

Back 7

1. What an utterance is about/starting point
2. Usually subject of sentence
3. Usually given

Front 8

Comment (3)

Back 8

1. What is said about the topic
2. Usually predicate
3. Usually new

Front 9

Definite

Back 9

The referent of NP is familiar to the hearer

Front 10

Indefinite

Back 10

The referent is novel/unfamiliar to hearer

Front 11

DEFINITENESS + GIVEN/NEW?

A COUPLE I know just returned from vacation in Africa

Back 11

indef, new

Front 12

DEFINITENESS + GIVEN/NEW?

They visited 4 countries - A VACATION they'll never forget

Back 12

indef, given

Front 13

DEFINITENESS + GIVEN/NEW?

THEY went on a photographic safari in Tanzania

Back 13

def, given

Front 14

DEFINITENESS + GIVEN/NEW?

THE GUIDE on their trip was excellent

Back 14

def, new

Front 15

Specific

Back 15

denotes particular entity in real world

Front 16

Nonspecific

Back 16

denotes no particular entity in real world

Front 17

Generic

Back 17

Refers to a set, class, category of entity

Front 18

SPECIFICITY AND DEFINITENESS

Tomorrow I'll polish THE CAR

Back 18

spec, def

Front 19

SPECIFICITY AND DEFINITENESS

I dream of buying AN EXPENSIVE CAR

Back 19

nonspec, indef

Front 20

SPECIFICITY AND DEFINITENESS

I saw A CAR I liked yesterday

Back 20

spec, indef

Front 21

SPECIFICITY AND DEFINITENESS

I'm going to buy THE FIRST CAR off the assembly line

Back 21

nonspec, def

Front 22

Fronting

Back 22

1. movement of word/phrase/clause to beginning of sentence
2. Results in info becoming topic
3. Must be given and definitive

Front 23

Does fronting change the grammatical subject?

Back 23

No

Front 24

Can you front adverbs or adverbial subordinate clauses?

Back 24

Yes, it is very common

Front 25

SWIMMING i do everyday, but RUNNING very seldom.

Back 25

fronting

Front 26

SUDDENLY the car swerved across the road.

Back 26

adverb fronting

Front 27

WHEN WE GET HOME, let's watch a video.

Back 27

adverbial subordinate clause fronting

Front 28

OUT popped a clown

Back 28

adverb-fronting and inversion

Front 29

Left-dislocation

Back 29

1, Moves word/phrase/clause to beginning of sentence but leaves pronominal copy behind
2. reintroduces given info, becomes topic
3. often contrastive, definite

Front 30

ANNETTE, SHE'LL be home tonight

Back 30

left-dislocation

Front 31

Cleft sentence

Back 31

1. dummy it + be + item in cleft position, relative clause
2. clefted element is new info and comment, while relative clause is given and topic

Front 32

it was THIS BOOK that J gave to B.

Back 32

cleft sentence

Front 33

it was ON SATURDAY that J gave B this book

Back 33

cleft sentence

Front 34

pseudocleft sentence

Back 34

1. free relative clause + be + NP/VP

Front 35

What H studied at university was LINGUISTICS

Back 35

pseudocleft sentence

Front 36

Stress

Back 36

New info/contrastive info receive phono. stress

Front 37

Passivization

Back 37

1. Alters functional relationship in sentence (agent is expressed in by-phrase)
2. passive sub is given, topic
3. dO or iO becomes subject

Front 38

Movements

Back 38

1. dative
2. particle

Front 39

Dative movement

Back 39

1. allows degree of leftward movement, alters topical structure
2. ditransitive verbs allow variant orders

Front 40

I gave the report to George...
I gave George the report

Back 40

dative movement

Front 41

Particle movement

Back 41

1. allows degree of leftward movement, alters topical structure
2. phrasal verbs allow placement of particle before/after direct object

Front 42

He wore out the brakes...
He wore the brakes out

Back 42

Particle movement

Front 43

Focusing transformations do what?

Back 43

Move element to end of sentence, which emphasizes that element

Front 44

Types of focusing transformations

Back 44

1. it-extraposition
2. extraposition from NP
3. SV inversion
4. There-insertion
5. Heavy NP shift
6. Quantifier postposing
7. Right -dislocation

Front 45

Speech act

Back 45

how individual sentences can be used to perform actions

Front 46

3 speech act components

Back 46

1. locutionary act
2. illocutionary act
3. perlocutionary act

Front 47

locutionary act

Back 47

semantic/literal content of prop

Front 48

illocutionary act

Back 48

communicative purpose of utterance (about speaker)

Front 49

perlocutionary act

Back 49

intended/actual effect of utterance on the hearer

Front 50

semantic structure of speech act -->

Back 50

IF(prop)

Front 51

IF =

Back 51

illocutionary force --> way the prop content is to be taken

Front 52

examples of IF types

Back 52

statement, question

Front 53

prop content =

Back 53

(prop) - state of affairs expressed in given sentence

Front 54

[he not smoke]

Back 54

prop content

Front 55

IF(prop): I do not promise to be there on time

Back 55

~IF(prop)

Front 56

IF(prop): I promise not to hurt you

Back 56

IF(~prop)

Front 57

Searle:
3 features of illocutionary act

Back 57

1. illocutionary point or force
2. direction of fit
3. expressed psych state

Front 58

direction of fit

Back 58

the way language relates to external world
1. word-to-world (speaker intends what he says to match things in the world)
2. world-to-word (intends world to come match what she says)

Front 59

expressed psych. state

Back 59

sincerity condition

Front 60

6 types of speech acts

Back 60

1. directive
2. commissive
3. representative
4. expressive
5. verdictive
6. declarative

Front 61

command, order, request, plead, invite, insist, question

Back 61

directive

Front 62

promise, pledge, vow, threaten, consent, refuse

Back 62

commissive

Front 63

affirm, declare, describe, claim, attest, confide, predict

Back 63

representative

Front 64

thank, apologize, console, greet, welcome

Back 64

expressive

Front 65

assess, rank, rate, estimate, diagnose, calculate, measure, grade

Back 65

verdictive

Front 66

declare war, second a motion, christen, divorce, arrest, resign

Back 66

declarative

Front 67

Grice's cooperative principle

Back 67

Speaker makes communicative purpose in speaking clear to the Hearer
Hearer does best to discern this purpose

Front 68

4 maxims of cooperative principle

Back 68

1. quantity (informative as necessary, no more)
2. quality (don't say what believe is false/no evidence)
3. manner (avoid obscurity, ambiguity, be brief)
4. relation (be relevant)

Front 69

conversational implicatures

Back 69

Hearer makes these inferences that conform to cooperative principle, maxims of conversation
- happens when maxim is violated, need to understand

Front 70

conversational relevance

Back 70

principle where Hearer determines that implicit speech act (not explicit speech act) is relevant in context

Front 71

discourse markers

Back 71

indicate relevance of one utterance to another