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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Message or content that a sign or utterance conveys
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meaning
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The study of meaning in human language
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semantics
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Words or phrases that are opposites with respect to some component of their meaning
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antonyms
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Different words with the same spelling but not necessarily the same pronunciation
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homographs
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Different words with the same pronunciation and the same spelling
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homonyms
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Single form has two or more ENTIRELY DISTINCT meanings
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homophony
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Single form has two or more meanings
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lexical ambiguity
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Word has two or more RELATED meanings
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polysemy
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Words or expressions that have the same meanings in some (or all) contexts
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synonyms
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Truth of one sentence requires the falsity of another sentence
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contradiction
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A relation between sentences in which the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another
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entailment
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Two sentences that have the same basic meaning
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paraphrases
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The circumstances under which a sentence is true
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truth conditions
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Representation of a word's intension in terms of smaller semantic components called features
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componential analysis
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The set of associations that a word's use can evoke
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connotation
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Entities that a word or expression refers to
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denotation
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Entities that a word or expression refers to; denotation
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extension
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An expression's inherent sense; the concepts it evokes
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intension
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Entities that a word or expression refers to; denotation/extension
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referents
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The representation of a word's intension in terms of smaller semantic components; componential analysis
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semantic decomposition
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Components of meaning that make up a word's intension
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semantic features
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A class of meanings created by combining semantic elements such as manner and motion or direction and motion
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conflation pattern
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System of morphological contrasts indicating the type of evidence for the truth of a statement
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evidentiality
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Concept that does not have clear-cut boundaries that distinguish it from another concept
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fuzzy concept
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Concept whose members display varying degrees of the characteristics that are considered typical of the concept
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graded (membership)
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Concepts that are expressed as affixes or non-lexical categories
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grammaticalized (concepts)
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Concepts are encoded in the words of a language
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lexicalization
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Understanding of one concept in terms of another, sometimes responsible for language change
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metaphor
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Characteristic of the best exemplars of a concept
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prototypical
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Use of a words that is primarily associated with orientation to talk about physical and psychological states
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spatial metaphors
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The meaning associated with a structural pattern above and beyond the meaning of its component words
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constructional meaning
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The meaning of a sentence is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the manner in which they are arranged in syntactic structure
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Principle of Compositionality
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The interpretation for a particular utterance
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readings
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A property of phrases or sentences whose component words can be combined in more than one way
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structurally ambiguous
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The thematic role of the doer of an action
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agent
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The thematic role that describes the end point for a movement
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goal
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The thematic role that specifies the place where an action occurs
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location
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The thematic role that describes the starting point for a movement
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source
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Part of a word's lexical category that carries information about the thematic roles that it assigns
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thematic grid
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Part played by a particular entity in an event (agent, theme, source, goal, location)
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thematic roles
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The thematic role of the entity directly affected by the action of the verb
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theme
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The element that determines the interpretation of a pronoun
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antecedent
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Syntactic notion that is involved in pronoun interpretation: NPa c-commands NPb if the first category above NPa contains NPb
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c-command
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A reflexive pronoun must have an antecedent (within the same clause) that c-commands it
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Principle A
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A pronominal must not have an an antecedent (within the same clause) that c-commands it
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Principle B
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A pronoun whose interpretation may, but does not have to, be determined by an antecedent in the same sentence
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pronominals
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Members can replace a noun phrase and look to another element for their interpretation
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pronouns
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Must have a c-commanding antecedent, usually in the same clause
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reflexive pronouns
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The person to whom one is speaking
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addressee
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Information that is understood through inference but is not actually said
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conversational implicature
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Specific principles that ensure that conversational interactions satisfy the Cooperative Principle
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conversational maxims
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The general overarching guideline thought to underlie conversational interactions: Make your contribution appropriate to conversation
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Cooperative Principle
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Forms whose use and interpretation depend on the location of the speaker and/or addressee within a particular setting
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deictics
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A set of utterances that constitute a speech event
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discourse
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Knowledge that is introduced into the discourse for the first time
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new information
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Knowledge that the speaker assumes is available to the addressee at the time of the utterance
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old (given) information
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Background attitudes and beliefs, understanding of the context of an utterance, and knowledge of how language can be used for variety of purposes
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pragmatics
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Assumption or belief implied by the use of a particular word of structure
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presupposition
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Contextual information having to do with the physical environment in which a sentence is uttered
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setting
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What a sentence or group of sentences is about
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topic
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Avoid ambiguity and obscurity; be brief and orderly
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Maxim of Manner
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Try to make your contribution one that is true
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Maxim of Quality
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Do not make your contribution more or less informative than required
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Maxim of Quantity
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Be relevant
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Maxim of Relevance
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