Sem 4 Week 7 Lecture 4

Front 1

Legal drugs

Back 1

-caffeine
-nicotine
-Ethanol

Front 2

Illegal drugs

Back 2

-Cocaine,amphetamine
-LSD,Ecstasy
-Cannabis
-Heroin

Front 3

Drugs can be

Back 3

CNS stimulants or depressants

Front 4

Why are drugs abused?

Back 4

-Psychoactive drugs that cause dependence elicit rewarding effect.(positive reinforcement)
-habituation or adaptation(negative reinforcement,psycho. craving,physical abstinence syndrome)

Front 5

Drug abuse

Back 5

Use of illicit substances(illicit use of legal substances) characterised by recurrent and clinically significant adverse consequences.

Front 6

Drug dependence

Back 6

State where drug taking becomes compulsive(over other needs)--> can be psychological or physical.

Front 7

Physical dependence

Back 7

-when body has adapted physiologically to the chronic presence of the drug,with dev. of symptoms when drug is stopped(withdrawal symptom)

Front 8

When someone has taken drugs in qty for a time and comes to rely on the use of a drug in order to feel weel and for their body to function normally

Back 8

Physical dependence

Front 9

Psychological dependence

Back 9

Attribute of all drugs of abuse and indicates that user feels that drug is needed for individual to reach an optimal level of function or to achieve a feeling of well-being.

Front 10

All dependence producing drugs increase

Back 10

Dopamine in nucleus accumbens
-increase firing of dopaminergic nerves
-enhance DA release or prevent uptake

Front 11

Increased 5-HT activity

Back 11

Decreases drug seeking behaviour.

Front 12

2 overlapping classes of CNS stimulants

Back 12

-Stimulants
-Psychomimetics(hallucinogens,psychedelics)

Front 13

Stimulants

Back 13

-Produce excitement,euphoria,reduce fatigue
-Amphetamine,cocaine

Front 14

Psychomimetics

Back 14

-Affect thought patterns & perception
-LSD,ecstasy

Front 15

Both cocaine and amphet.

Back 15

Increase NA in synaptic cleft(also affect dopaminergic,serotonergic transmission)

Front 16

Cocaine

Back 16

-Blocks reuptake of NA by binding with carrier
-Increased availability of NA in cleft
-Doesnt work well if nerve NOT firing.

Front 17

Amphetamine

Back 17

-High affinity for carrier
-competes for carrier & MAO
-works even if nerves are quiescent.

Front 18

Cocaine in Western society

Back 18

-Rapid absorption(high conc)
-Intense euphoria
-Craving for more drug
-Repeated use(runs)
-Followed by crash(dysphoria,irritability)

Front 19

Cocaine blues

Back 19

-Decrease capacity to experience pleasure
-Psychotic symptoms,depression

Front 20

Withdrawal from cocaine

Back 20

-depression
-anxiety
-fatigue

Front 21

SEs

Back 21

-HT
-tachy
-coronary vasospasm
-dysrhythmias
-Convulsions

Front 22

Amphetamine releases

Back 22

NA and DA and 5-HT in CNS

Front 23

Effects of amphetamines

Back 23

-mood elevation
-euphoria
-increase locomotor activity
-stereoptypic behaviour(pushing your glasses up all the time)

Front 24

Effects of Amphet. on physical and mental performances

Back 24

-Fatigue postponed
-Confidence
-Speedy performance
-LESS accurate

Front 25

Amphet. can

Back 25

Suppress appetite

Front 26

Overdose of amphet.

Back 26

-Anxiety
-Nervous and physical tension
-Tremors
-Confusion,dizziness
-time passes quickly
-Hyperthermia,tachy,increased BP,vascular collapse-death
-amphet. psychosis-hallucinations.

Front 27

Dependence from amphet.

Back 27

-not as marked as cocaine
-particularly depressives,lonely ppl
-withdrawal(PHYSICAL) with lethargy,sleep,desire for food,depression.

Front 28

Caffeine

Back 28

Increases alertnes,well being with NO euphoria BUT delays of onset of sleep.

Front 29

CAffeine stimulates

Back 29

Mental activity
-postpone boredom,fatigue,inattentiveness
-enhanced intellectual/motor performances(if reduced by fatigue/boredom)
-anxiety,tension & tremors

Front 30

To which drug class does caffeine belong?

Back 30

Methylxanthine

Front 31

Methylxanthine

Back 31

-Adenosine antagonist
-PDE inhibitor

Front 32

Dependence from caffeine

Back 32

-No strong reinforcing effect in animals,social aspect in humans
-weekend headache

Front 33

LSD

Back 33

Lysergic acid Diethylamide

Front 34

LSD effects

Back 34

-Visual,auditory,olfactory,tactile hallucinations
-thought processes disturbed but aware drug-induced
-altered perception,sights & sounds appear distorted + fantastic

Front 35

Weeks to months after taking LSDs,

Back 35

Flashbacks of hallucinatory experience.

Front 36

In CNS, LSD is

Back 36

5-HT2 agonist(autoreceptors: inhibition of 5-HT neurones in Raphe)

Front 37

Dependence from LSD

Back 37

-Bad trip(homicide/suicide attempts)

Front 38

Tolerance to LSDs

Back 38

-Rapid(receptor mediated effect)
-Cross tolerance with other psychomimetics

Front 39

Ecstasy releases

Back 39

Dopamine and serotonin

Front 40

Ecstasy has

Back 40

Stimulant & hallucinogenic effects.
-less effective than amphet.
-feeling of closeness,considered safer

Front 41

Ecstasy use leads to

Back 41

-Psychological dependence
-Increased HR/BP
-Disrupted thermoregulation(chills/sweating)
-potential degeneration of 5-HT & DA neurons--> affects mood,memory,sleep,appetite

Front 42

Marijuana

Back 42

Dried leaves /flower heads from cannabis plant

Front 43

Hashish

Back 43

Extracted resin

Front 44

Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol

Back 44

Is active component.

Front 45

Subjective effects of THC

Back 45

-Relaxation,feeling of well-being(like alcohol w/o aggression)
-Sharpened sensory awareness
-Increased intensity of sounds & sights(similar to LSD but les pronounced)

Front 46

Central actions of THC

Back 46

-Euphoria
-Impaired short term memory
-Impaired motor coordination
-Catalepsy
-Analgesia
-Anti emetic
-Increased appetite

Front 47

Peripheral effects of THC

Back 47

-Tachy
-Sympathetic
-Vasodilatation
-Reduced intraocular pressure
-Bronchodilatation

Front 48

For THC,

Back 48

Evidence of physical and psychological dependence in HEAVY users for extended period of time

Front 49

Cannabinoid receptors

Back 49

-CB 1 (central)
-CB 2 (peripheral)
-G protein coupled receptors ,inhibition of adenylate cyclase

Front 50

Anandamide

Back 50

-Endogenous agonist

Front 51

Nabilone

Back 51

-Synthetic analogue
-Being dev. as anti-emetic

Front 52

Nicotine

Back 52

-nicotinic muscarinic receptor agonist
-Actions in CNS and periphery
-rapid tolerance to peripheral but not central actions
-marked withdrawal symptoms,intense craving
-

Front 53

Ethanol is a

Back 53

CNS depressant

Front 54

Ethanol can

Back 54

-Inhibit Ca2+ channel opening
-Enhance GABA action(GABA A receptors with reversal by Flumazenil)
-Inhibit NMDA-type glutamate receptors

Front 55

Behavioural effects of ethanol

Back 55

-Increased self-confidence
-euphoria
-usually loud,outgoing
-at higher doses,aggression + mood swings

Front 56

Motor effects of ethanol

Back 56

-loss of motor coordination
-Slurred speech

Front 57

Marked tolerance from ethanol

Back 57

-Enhanced clearance
-Addtional tissue tolerance of uncertain mechanism

Front 58

Physical dependence from ethanol

Back 58

Well defined abstinence syndrome.0