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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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paclitaxel
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taxol
anticancer agent from pacific yew tree taxus brviofolia |
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plants as sources of drugs
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paclitaxel
morphine cocaine difitalis/digoxin quinine nictoine |
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nutraceuticals/functional foods/medicinal foods
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provide health benefit beyond basic nutrition
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medical foods
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address nutritional deficiencies due to diseases (DM & OA)
for use under MD supervision |
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phyomedicines/herbals
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plant extracts for prevention/treatment of diseases or maintenance of health
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phytopharmaceutical
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from botanical sources
ex. taxol, morphine, quinine |
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botanical drugs
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FDA approved
Rx lovaza gree tea extract for gential warts |
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Functional components
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carotenoids
fiber pro-biotics FAs plant sterols/stanols soy isoflavones isothicyanates & sulphoranes |
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carotenoids
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beta-carotene
lutein lycopene |
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dietary fiber
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soulbe and insoluble fiber
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pro-biotics
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beneficial bacteria
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pre-biotics
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inulin
fructo-oligosaccharides |
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FAs
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MUFAs (tree nuts, olive and canola oil)
PUFAs (omega 3s, fish/flax) CLA |
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flavonoids
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berries
red wine tea |
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isothicyanates
sulphoranes |
broccoli
cauliflower |
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eleuthero
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siberian ginseng
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panax ginseng
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asian ginseng
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panax quinquifolia
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american ginseng
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foxglove
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digitalis purpurea
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plantain
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plantago major
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herbal ecstacy
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ephedra
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ma huang
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ephedra
used for bronchial asthama, cold, flue, fever < 8 mg/does of ephedra alkaloids regulated by FDA no more 24 g/day |
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aristolochia spp
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birthworts
for weight loss contains aristolochic acid carcingoenic and nephrotoxic in rodents |
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kava-kava
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piper methysticum
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comfreyt
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only topical
symphytum officinale L contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids |
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green tea
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not fermented
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black tea
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fermented
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oolong tea
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semi-fermented
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red yeast rice
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fermented
M. purpureus contains polyketides/monacolins (monacolin K = lovastatin has highest AU) FAs tannins reduces TC, LDL, & TG in study compared to placebo |
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grape fruit juice
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enhance bioavailibility of drug metaolized by CYP34A
increase lovastatin by 12-15 fold |
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warfarin DS DIs
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St. john's wort
ginseng garlic gingko cranberry policosanol dong quai (female ginseng) american ginseng CoQ10 echinacea Flax seed/fish oil ginger Glucosamine/chondrotin saw plametto black/green tea |
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SFAs
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precursors for cholesterol
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MUFAs
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single double bond
oleic acid in olive oil alpha-linoleic acid in linseed oil |
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PUFAs
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multiple double bonds
omega 3s have EPA & DHA |
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nuts reduce risk of heart disease
less 4g of saturated fat/50 g of nuts |
almonds
hazelnuts peanuts pecans some pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts |
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foods rich in omega 3s
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fatty fish
canola/flax see/hemp/soybean/walnut oil walnuts/flaxsees/pumpkin seeds soy tufo green leafy veggies venison buffalo eggs enhanced w/omega 3s |
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dietary antioxidants
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flavonoids
-catechins -anthocyanins isoflavonoids -coumestans ligans stilbenes phenolic acids phenolic polymers -ellagitannis -proanthocyanidins |
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stilbenes
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resveratrol
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pycnogenol
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maritime pine bark extract
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phytoestrogens
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mimic and antagonist of estrogens
soy (daidzein and genistein red clover black cohosh kudzu alfalfa |
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ligands
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antioxidants
in siberian ginseng phytoestrogens flax and seasome seeds burdock roots |
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alkaloids
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bitter taste
N atom cocaine (stimulant & local anesthetic) morphine (analgeisc) quinine (anti-malaria) plant alkaloids are usually toxic in ephedra |
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pseudoephedrine
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isomer of ephedra used in Sudafed
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coumarins
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benzopyrrones
CYP elictors |
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phytosterols
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plant sterols/stanols
found in plants similar structure to cholesterol for heart health |
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saponins
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hydrophobic and hydrophillic (sugars)
hemolytic tonic immunopotentiaing in ginseng, dioscores, yucca also in cosmetics |
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cyanide glycosides
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form hydrogen cyandie after losing sugar to beta-glucosidase & hydrolsis
in pits of peaches, cherries, plums, and apricots also in Cassava but boiled prior to eating |
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apricot pits
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contain amygdalin a cyangenic glycoside
toxic in large amounts |
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glucosinolates
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brassiceae family
converted to isothicyanates by myrosinase which is initiated by chewing (removes a glucose) may induce phase II enzymes & be anti-carcinogenic horseradish, wasabi, mustard greens, cauliflower, trunips,choy, brussel sprouts, broccoli, wastercress, etc |
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myrosinase
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converts glucosinolate to ntrile, thocyanate and isothyocide
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curcumin
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rhizome of curcuma long L.
indian curry spice known as turmeric curcuminoids anti-inflammatory inhibits transcription factors |
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horse chestnut seed extract
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contains beta-aescin and other saponins and flavonoids
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aloe spp.
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anthraquinone glycosides or aloin
laxative healing burns |
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Angelica sinensis
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dong-quai
female ginseng roots used for pre and post menopausal symptoms |
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cimicfuga racemose
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black cohosh
roots post-menopausal symptoms triterpenoidal glycosides bind estrogen receptors toxic in large doses |
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borage
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astrigent
demulcent pyrrolizidine alkaloids do not use |
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burdock
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artium lappa
compositae plant cancers no efficacy proved essential oils popular as tea |
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arnica
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arnica montana
commpositae plant anti-inflammatory for bruises |
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astragalus
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produce polysaccrides such as tragacanth
immunostimulat anticancer |
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bilberry
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vaccinium
bluberries treat diarrhea black berry, blue berry leaves, and rasberry leaves tannins phenolic compounds |
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calamus
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acrus calamus
asarone causes tumors fragerant |
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calendula
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calendula offiicinalis
treat wounds and skin problems tea anti-inflammatory |
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catnip
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nepeta cataria
mint family tea used as sedative |
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chamomile
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flower buds of matricaria chamomilla
tea treat colds diaphoretic carminative |
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comfrey
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symphytum officinale
borage family plant food & tea pyrrolizidine alkaoids do not injest! |
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Devil's claw
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harpagohytum procumbens
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echinacea
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not known if PO is effective
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elderberry
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diuretic
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eleuthero
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siberian ginseng
ligands may be active ingredient |
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ephedra
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ma huang
ephedrine sympathomimetic drug HT |
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feverfew
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treat migraines
tanacetum parthemium sesquiterpene lactone called parthenolid inhibits serotonin lack of solubility limits use as a drug |
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glycyrrhiza
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glycyrrhiza glabra/licorice
saponin corticoidal activity- inhibits corticoid metabolism avoid if HT or adrenal hyperplasia |
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goldenseal
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rhizome of hydrastsis candensis
indigestion GI and respiratory problems skin infections |
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hawthorn
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cratogena mongyna
hypotensive |
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hibisuc
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malvaeae plant flowers
red tea carminative |
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kava kava
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pyrone
sedative effects and analgesic action toxic to liver |
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kelp
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laminaria
polysaccharides/soluble fiber some AAs rich in iodine not for hyperthyroidism |
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mistletoe
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viscum album
HT toxic anticancer activity |
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pennyroyal
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mentha puligeum
colds PMS |
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poke root
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phyolacca americana
RA toxic saponins do not eat PHA |
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spirulina
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dried prepartion of blue-green alga
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Uva-ursi
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arctostphylos uva-ursi dried leaves
diuretic urinary disenfectant arbutin is active ingredient replaced by drugs |
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non-botanicals
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shark cartilage (rich in mucopolysaccharides & anticancer)
chitosan chondrotin sulfate glucosamine melatonin selenium (toxic in large doses & anticancer) L-tryptophane (AA, contaiminated cause a blood disorder) DHEA |
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CoQ10
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powerful antioxidant
protects vit. E in membranes |
