Seer Training Modules - The Endocrine System

Front 1

There are two major categories of glands in the body

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exocrine and endocrine

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glands have ducts that carry their secretory product to a surface

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Exocrine

Front 3

secretory products of endocrine glands are called

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hormones

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small gland nearly surrounded by bone as it rests in the sella turcica, a depression in the sphenoid bone

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pituitary gland

Front 5

hormones that react with receptors on the surface of the cell, and the sequence of events that results in hormone action is relatively rapid.

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protien hormones

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The pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by a slender stalk called the

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infundibulum.

Front 7

There are two distinct regions in the pituitary gland:

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the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Front 8

The activity of the adenohypophysis is controlled by

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releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

Front 9

The neurohypophysis is controlled by

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nerve stimulation

Front 10

causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin

Front 11

hormone reacts with receptor sites in the cortex of the adrenal gland to stimulate the secretion of cortical hormones, particularly cortisol

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Adrenocorticotropic

Front 12

hormones react with receptor sites in the gonads, or ovaries and testes, to regulate the development, growth, and function of these organs

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Gonadotropic

Front 13

hormone promotes the development of glandular tissue in the female breast during pregnancy and stimulates milk production after the birth of the infant.

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Prolactin

Front 14

hormone promotes the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules, with the result that less water is lost as urine

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Antidiuretic

Front 15

causes contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus. It also stimulates the ejection of milk from the lactating breast.

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Oxytocin

Front 16

small cone-shaped structure that extends posteriorly from the third ventricle of the brain

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pineal gland

Front 17

The pineal gland consists of portions of neurons, neuroglial cells, and specialized secretory cells called

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pinealocytes

Front 18

consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea, just below the larynx or voice box

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thyroid gland

Front 19

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by a narrow band of tissue called the

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isthmus

Front 20

Internally, the thyroid gland consists of follicles which produce

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thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones

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Each adrenal gland is divided into

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outer cortex and an inner medulla

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regulated by negative feedback involving the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone;

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adrenal cortex

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regulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

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medulla

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secreted by the outermost region of the adrenal cortex

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Mineralocorticoids

Front 25

principal mineralocorticoid is ________ which acts to conserve sodium ions and water in the body

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aldosterone

Front 26

secreted by the middle region of the adrenal cortex

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Glucocorticoids

Front 27

The principal glucocorticoid is __________ which increases blood glucose levels.

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cortisol

Front 28

Male hormones, androgens, and female hormones, estrogens, are secreted in minimal amounts in both sexes by the adrenal cortex

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gonadocorticoids

Front 29

The adrenal medulla develops from neural tissue and secretes two hormones:

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epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 30

The pancreas extends from:

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the region of the duodenum to the spleen.

Front 31

Describe the exocrine portion of the pancreas

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secretes digestive enzymes that are carried through a duct to the duodenum

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Describe the endocrine portion of the pancreas

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consists of the pancreatic islets, which secrete glucagons and insulin.

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A protein hormone that is produced especially by the islets of Langerhans and that promotes an increase in the sugar content of the blood by increasing the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver.

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glucagons

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A hormone that helps the body use glucose (sugar) for energy.

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insulin

Front 35

in the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone glucagons in response to a low concentration of glucose in the blood.

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Alpha cells

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in the pancreatic islets secrete the hormone insulin in response to a high concentration of glucose in the blood.

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Beta cells

Front 37

Male sex hormones, as a group, are called

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androgens

Front 38

Two groups of female sex hormones are produced in the ovaries:

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estrogens and progesterone

Front 39

causes the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for pregnancy

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progesterone

Front 40

produced by the thymus gland, plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system

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Thymosin

Front 41

The lining of the stomach, the gastric mucosa, produces a hormone, called

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gastrin

Front 42

The mucosa of the small intestine secretes the hormones

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secretin and cholecystokinin

Front 43

A hormone secreted especially by the duodenal mucosa that regulates the emptying of the gallbladder and secretion of enzymes by the pancreas and that has been found in the brain.

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cholecystokinin

Front 44

Special cells in the wall of the upper chambers of the heart, called atria, produce a hormone called

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atrial natriiuretic hormone, or atriopeptin.

Front 45

signals the mother's ovaries to secrete hormones to maintain the uterine lining so that it does not degenerate and slough off in menstruation.

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human chorionic gonadotropin