Seeley's A & P Ch. 5

Front 1

The integumentary system consists of

Back 1

the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, nails and glands.

Front 2

Functions of the Integumentary System

Back 2

can Excretion of Vitamin D. Protect Temperature Sensation?
Excretion
Vitamin D. production
Protect
Temperature
Sensation?

Front 3

Protection: against

Back 3

bacterial infection, abrasion, UV radiation, dehydration

Front 4

Sensation:

Back 4

sensory receptors detect heat, cold, pain, touch, pressure

Front 5

Temperature regulation:__________ in the skin dilate to ___________, or constrict to __________t; evaporation of sweat dissipates ___________________

Back 5

blood vessels in the skin dilate to radiate heat, or constrict to conserve heat; evaporation of sweat dissipates body heat

Front 6

Excretion:

Back 6

small amounts of wastes are excreted in the sweat

Front 7

The skin is composed of how many layers? name them

Back 7

two layers, the epidermis and the dermis.

Front 8

What is below the dermis and is not part of the skin?

Back 8

The subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis,

Front 9

Functions of subcutaneous tissue?

Back 9

It anchors the skin to underlying structures, cushions, insulates, and stores fats.

Front 10

The epidermis is what type of tissue?
avascular or vascular?

Back 10

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is avascular.

Front 11

Cells of the epidermis include:

Back 11

keratinocytes: melanocytes: Langerhans cells: Merkel cells:

Front 12

keratinocytes:

Back 12

produce keratin, a fibrous protein that makes the skin waterproof

Front 13

melanocytes:
melanin forms a __________ for __nuclei of keratinocytes.

Back 13

produce the pigment melanin; melanin forms a protective shield for nuclei of keratinocytes

Front 14

Langerhans cells

Back 14

macrophages involved with the immune response

Front 15

Merkel cells:

Back 15

receptors for touch and pressure.

Front 16

how many layer in thick skin? thin skin?

Back 16

thick- 5, thin- 4.

Front 17

Stratum basale:_______occurs in this layer

Back 17

the deepest layer, a single layer of cells; mitosis occurs in this layer

Front 18

Stratum spinosum: how many cells thick?

Back 18

8 – 10 cells thick.

Front 19

Stratum granulosum: ______cells thick; at the upper part of this stratum cell are ______.

Back 19

2 – 5 cells thick; at the upper part of this stratum cell are dead.

Front 20

Stratum lucidum:

Back 20

a few layers of flattened, dead cells; found in thick skin only.

Front 21

Stratum corneum:

Back 21

most superficial layer, 25 – 30 cells thick; cells are keratinized.

Front 22

Skin color is due to

Back 22

pigments and the flow of blood through the skin.

Front 23

Melanin is the

Back 23

main pigment affecting skin color. . It ranges in color from yellow-brown, to brown and black.

Front 24

Melanin is produce by what? packaged into what?
transferred to what?

Back 24

produced by melanocytes, packaged into vesicles called melanosomes, and transferred to keratinocytes.

Front 25

Melanin protects the _______ from______

Back 25

epidermis and dermis from UV radiation.

Front 26

Albinism is

Back 26

a genetic disorder in which a person is unable to synthesize melanin.

Front 27

Fair skinned people may appear pinkish or reddish due to

Back 27

oxygenated hemoglobin in blood circulating through the skin.

Front 28

Erythema,

Back 28

or redness, results when capillaries in the dermis become engorged with blood (embarrassment, exercise, fever, inflammation).

Front 29

Pallor, or paleness, caused by

Back 29

anemia, low blood pressure, a decrease in red blood cells or internal hemorrhage.

Front 30

Cyanosis is _______ of the skin that occurs when the _____ is not _________

Back 30

a bluish tint of the skin that occurs when the hemoglobin is not well oxygenated.

Front 31

Cyanosis is most easily detected in....... It may indicate......

Back 31

lips, mucous membranes and nail beds. It may indicated heart or respiratory problems.

Front 32

Carotene, what is it?
accumulates in what?
effects is most obvious where in the body?

Back 32

a yellow or orange pigment in some plants.can also affect skin color.
. It accumulates in the stratum corneum and the hypodermis.
Its effect is most obvious in the palms and soles.

Front 33

The dermis is made of ..
contain what?

Back 33

connective tissues.
. It contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers.
It has a rich supply of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves, and contains most of the accessory structures of the skin.

Front 34

The dermis is composed of what layers

Back 34

the papillary layer and the reticular layer.

Front 35

The papillary layer is ______ tissue.
is characterized by _____

Back 35

areolar tissue
dermal papillae that indent the epidermis.

Front 36

The arrangement of dermal papillae on hands and feet produce

Back 36

epidermal ridges that account for fingerprints and footprints.

Front 37

The reticular layer is what type of tissue?
what located in it?

Back 37

dense irregular connective tissue. Most of the accessory structures of the skin are located in the reticular layer of the dermis.

Front 38

Hair protects the ____and prevents the______
what kind of cell is hair? what produced it?

Back 38

Hair protects the scalp from UV radiation, cushions, insulates and prevents the entry of foreign particles into nasal cavities and ear canals. A hair is fused keratinized epithelial cells produced by a hair follicle. The hair follicle is epithelial tissue that extends from the epidermis into the dermis. The follicle is a sheath for the hair root. The base of the hair root is the hair bulb. The hair matrix is a mass of epithelial cells in the hair bulb; it produces the hair. The hair papilla is dermal tissue in the hair bulb; blood vessels provide nourishment to cells of the hair matrix.

Front 39

The hair follicle is _____ tissue that extends from the _____into the ______.
The follicle is a ______ for the hair root. The base of the hair root is the ______

Back 39

The hair follicle is epithelial tissue that extends from the epidermis into the dermis.
The follicle is a sheath for the hair root. The base of the hair root is the hair bulb.

Front 40

The hair matrix is
The hair papilla is
what provide nourishment to cells of the hair matrix?

Back 40

The hair matrix is a mass of epithelial cells in the hair bulb; it produces the hair.
The hair papilla is dermal tissue in the hair bulb; blood vessels provide nourishment to cells of the hair matrix.

Front 41

The hair shaft is

Back 41

the part of the hair that protrudes from the surface of the skin.

Front 42

Sebaceous glands secrete
Sebum-function

Back 42

an oily substance called sebum into hair follicles.
Sebum inhibits bacterial growth and lubricates and prevents drying of the hair and skin.

Front 43

Apocrine sweat glands are located
These glands secrete

Back 43

Apocrine sweat glands are located in axillary and pubic regions. These glands secrete a thick secretion that contains organic substances.

Front 44

This sweat is ________ but becomes odorous when ________
These glands become what at puberty, and are not involved with what?

Back 44

This sweat is odorless but becomes odorous when bacteria break down the organic molecules.

These glands become functional at puberty, and are not involved with thermoregulation.

Front 45

Merocrine sweat glands are
They are especially abundant in

Back 45

Merocrine sweat glands are more widely distributed over the body. They are especially abundant in palms, soles and the forehead.

Front 46

The sweat secreted by these glands is composed of....
Evaporation of sweat removes ______from the ________

Back 46

The sweat secreted by these glands is mostly water and may contain salts, metabolic wastes and organic molecules. Evaporation of sweat removes heat from the skin surface.

Front 47

Ceruminous glands are __________
Ceruminous glands located in
They produce

Back 47

Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine sweat glands that are located in the external ear canal. They produce cerumen (ear wax).

Front 48

Mammary glands produce ___ in the ____. They are modified_______

Back 48

Mammary glands produce milk in the breasts. They are modified apocrine sweat glands.

Front 49

Nails are _______
They protect the_____

Back 49

Nails are modifications of the epidermis. They protect the dorsal surfaces of tips of fingers and toes.

Front 50

A nail has a______
The nail body is the____

Back 50

A nail has a free edge, a nail body and a nail root. The nail body, the visible part of the nail, covers the nail bed.

Front 51

The lateral and proximal borders of nails are overlapped by
Part of the stratum________ of the nail fold extends over the exposed nail to form the ____ or ______

Back 51

The lateral and proximal borders of nails are overlapped by folds of skin called nail folds. Part of the stratum corneum of the nail fold extends over the exposed nail to form the cuticle or eponychium.

Front 52

Nails are _____ but appear______ due to ________. The thickened, white crescent over the matrix is the______

Back 52

Nails are colorless but appear pink due to underlying blood vessels. The thickened, white crescent over the matrix is the lunula.

Front 53

A burn is

Back 53

tissue damage due to heat, electricity, radiation, chemical agents, friction, etc.

Front 54

Threats associated with burns include

Back 54

Threats associated with burns include loss of fluids and electrolytes, loss of protective function of the skin, and loss of sensitivity.

Front 55

A first degree burn affects _________. This is characterized by _______________.
________is usually a first degree burn.

Back 55

A first degree burn affects the surface of the epidermis. This is characterized by redness and pain, and possibly slight swelling. Sunburn is usually a first degree burn.

Front 56

A second degree burn damages the _____ and _____.
This is characterized by _______. This type of burn usually heals in approximately_____.
Scarring??

Back 56

A second degree burn damages the entire epidermis and the upper part of the dermis. This is characterized by pain, swelling, redness and blisters. This type of burn usually heals in approximately two weeks. Scarring may result.

Front 57

First degree and second degree burns are ____________

Back 57

First degree and second degree burns are partial thickness burns.

Front 58

A third degree burn is ______that destroys_______. There is no_____ because_______.
Discoloration is _____.

Back 58

A third degree burn is a full thickness burn that destroys the epidermis and dermis. There is no pain because sensory nerve endings are destroyed. Discoloration is variable: white, gray, red, brown, or blackened.

Front 59

3rd degree burn- There is a greater risk of ____and _____. A_______is usually required to replace lost skin.

Back 59

There is a greater risk of dehydration and loss of electrolytes and of infection. A skin graft is usually required to replace lost skin.

Front 60

The______can be used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn. The surface area of an adult body is divided into_____:

Back 60

The “rule of nines” can be used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by a burn. The surface area of an adult body is divided into multiples of nine: head = 9 %, arms = 9 % each, trunk = 36 %, genitalia = 1 %, legs = 18 % each. The rule is modified for children

Front 61

The most common skin cancer is _______. It begins in _______. _________ may be a factor, as can ___________.

Back 61

The most common skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma. It begins in the stratum basale. Exposure to UV radiation may be a factor, as can genetic predisposition.

Front 62

_______ are less common and usually are restricted to _________

Back 62

Squamous cell carcinomas are less common and usually are restricted to areas of exposure to sunlight.

Front 63

With basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas _______ usually does not occur. Treatment may consist of __________.
______ percent of patients survive for 5 years or longer after treatment.

Back 63

With basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas metastasis usually does not occur. Treatment may consist of surgical removal of the tumor. Ninety-five percent of patients survive for 5 years or longer after treatment.

Front 64

Melanomas result when ______ grow rapidly and metastasize through the ______.
This is a _____ form of skin cancer.
_____ is essential.

Back 64

Melanomas result when cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system. This is a life-threatening form of skin cancer. Early detection is essential.

Front 65

If detected early the five year survival rate is ____ %;
if metastasis has occurred extensively the 5 year survival rate drops to ____ %.

Back 65

If detected early the five year survival rate is 99 %; if metastasis has occurred extensively the 5 year survival rate drops to 14 %.

Front 66

The ABCDE rule is used to________

Back 66

The ABCDE rule is used to detect melanomas.

Front 67

ABCDE

Back 67

A: asymmetry – one side of the lesion does not match the other.

B: border – irregular, ragged, notched

C: color – various colors

D: diameter – greater than 6 mm in diameter

E: evolving – lesion changes over time (size, shape, color, etc.)

Front 68

To avoid melanomas limit exposure to sunlight and use sunblock (SPF ___). Fair skinned people, blonds and redheads should use sunblock with SPF_____.

Back 68

To avoid melanomas limit exposure to sunlight and use sunblock (SPF 15). Fair skinned people, blonds and redheads should use sunblock with SPF 20 – 30.