Seeley/chap 17-Study Guide

Front 1

B2-The all or none of action potentials in the nervous system is referred to as...

Back 1

frequency modulated signals

Front 2

B2a-What represents a weak stimulus?

Back 2

A low frequency of action potentials

Front 3

B2b- What represents a strong stimulus?

Back 3

A high frequency of action potentials

Front 4

3a- Compared to the nervous system, the responses of the endocrine system are...

Back 4

usually slower and of longer duration
longer duration
more generally distributed than those of the nervous system

Front 5

4- The 2 systems cannot be separated either...

Back 5

anatomically or functionally

Front 6

4- The 2 systems cannot be separated either...

Back 6

anatomically or functionally

Front 7

4a- Where does a neurohormone come from and what does it do?

Back 7

Some neurons secrete chemical signals called neurohormones into the circulatory system.

Front 8

4b- Some neurons directly----------- endocrine glands and influence_________.

Back 8

innervate, their sensory activity

Front 9

4c- Some hormones from endocrine glands affect_________ and significantly___________.

Back 9

affect the nervous system, influence its activity

Front 10

D1- Intercellular chemical signals allow...

Back 10

one cell to communicate with other cells

Front 11

D1a- The nervous system uses...

Back 11

neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

Front 12

D2- Autocrine chemical signals are released by cells and have a__________effect on____________.

Back 12

local effect on the same cell type

Front 13

D3- Paracrine chemical signals are released by cells and affect________ without being_______________.

Back 13

other cell types locally,
transported in the blood

Front 14

D4- Pheramones are chemical signals__________ the environment that modify the______&_________of_________.

Back 14

that are secreted into the,
behavior and physiology,
other individuals

Front 15

11A-Chemical structure of hormones can be either...

Back 15

1. proteins or short sequences of amino acids
2. derivatives of amino acids or lipids
3. glycoproteins hormones, composed of 1 or more polypeptide chains combined with carbohydrate molecules
4. Lipid hormones are either steroids or derivatives of fatty acids.

Front 16

11B- Glycoprotein hormones are composed of_________&______________.

Back 16

one or more polypeptide chains,
and combined with CHO molecules.

Front 17

11C- Lipid hormones are either______or____.

Back 17

steroids,
derivatives of fatty acids

Front 18

111A- The secretion of each hormone is controlled by a___________sothat the body activity t regulates is_________or_________.

Back 18

by a negative feedback mechanism,
the body it regulates is maintained within a normal range,
homeostatsis is maintained.

Front 19

111B1a-Pattern one involves the action of a substance other than a ____________.

Back 19

hormone

Front 20

111B1b- The action causes hormone levels to_________or____________.

Back 20

rise or fall

Front 21

111B2- Pattern 2 involves_________of the endocrine gland.

Back 21

neural control of the endocrine gland

Front 22

111B2a- Neurons synapse with cells that-

Back 22

that produce the hormone

Front 23

111B2b- When action potentials occur in the neurons they release...

Back 23

a neurotransmiter

Front 24

111B2-1- If stimulatory it causes....

Back 24

the cells to increase hormone secretion

Front 25

111B2-2- If inhibitory it causes

Back 25

a decrease in hormone secretion.

Front 26

111B2-3- Pattern 3 involves control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by a ___________or___________secreted by______________.

Back 26

hormone,
neurohormone,
another endocrine gland.

Front 27

111B2-4- In addition to the major patterns a few hormones are regulated in a___________

Back 27

more complex mechanism.

Front 28

1VA- Hormones are dissolved in____________ and transported either in a ___________or bound to___________.

Back 28

blood plasma,
unbound,
bound to plasma proteins.

Front 29

1VB1- Free hormones can diffuse from_________to_________.

Back 29

capillary walls,
and bind to target tissues

Front 30

1VB2a- When blood hormones are higher...

Back 30

more become bound

Front 31

1VB2b- When blood hormone levels are lower...

Back 31

more become unbound and circulate if needed.

Front 32

1VC1- Hormones bind to plasma proteins in a ......

Back 32

specific way

Front 33

1VC2- There is an equilibrium between the__________&____________

Back 33

bound,
unbound

Front 34

1VC2a- The equilibrium is important because only_____diffuse.

Back 34

only an unbound hormone can diffuse

Front 35

1VD- Since hormones circulate in the blood, they are_______

Back 35

distributed quickly throughout the body.

Front 36

VA- What limits the length of time that hormones are active?

Back 36

The destruction and elimination of them.

Front 37

VB- What is a half life?

Back 37

The length of time it takes for half the dose of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system.

Front 38

VB1-What type of hormone has a relatively short half life?

Back 38

Water soluble hormones, such as proteins, glycoproteins, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Front 39

VB1a- Their concentrations within the blood___________.

Back 39

increase and decrease rapidly within the blood.

Front 40

VB1b- They regulate activities that have a ____&________.

Back 40

a rapid onset and a short duration.

Front 41

VB2- Lipid soluble hormones commonly are combined with_________.

Back 41

binding proteins

Front 42

VB2a- The combination reduces rate of________& increases_________.

Back 42

diffusion,
their half life

Front 43

VB2b- Hormones with a long half life have__________blood levels.

Back 43

blood levels that are maintained at a relatively constant level through time.

Front 44

VC1a- Hormones removed from the blood in 4 major ways: Excretion by:
a.___________into the__________

Back 44

kidneys,
urine

Front 45

VC1b- Excretion by________into the_____________.

Back 45

liver,
bile

Front 46

VC2- Metasbolized or chemically modified by________in the blood.

Back 46

enzymes

Front 47

VC3- Actively transported into cells and ____________.

Back 47

used in metabolic processes.

Front 48

VC4a- ___________attaches___________to the hormone.

Back 48

cells in the liver,
water soluble molecules.
These are usually sulfate or glucuronic acid.

Front 49

V1A1-4-
Define Ligand/binding site/receptor site//specificity

Back 49

ligand- molecule that binds to macromolecule such as a receptor or enzymes.
binding site- The portion of each protein where a hormone binds
receptor site- a binding site on cell membrane
specificity- a chemical signal that binds to a specific type of receptor.

Front 50

V1B- What determines which cells will respond to aparticular hormone?

Back 50

The presence or absence of specific receptor molecules in cells determines which cells will or will not respond.

Front 51

V1C- Drugs with structures similar to ligands___________

Back 51

may compete with those hormones for their receptors

Front 52

V1C1- A drug may________the receptor or___________of the receptor.

Back 52

activate
inhibit

Front 53

V1D1- Response to a given ligand concentration is___________in some cases, and __________in others.

Back 53

constant,
variable

Front 54

V1D2- The term down regulation refers to.....

Back 54

The number of receptors can rapidly decrease after exposure to certain hormones.

Front 55

V1D2a1- Decreases in the rate receptors are_____________

Back 55

common in some cells after exposure to a hormone

Front 56

V1D2a2- Increases in the rate receptors___________.

Back 56

up regulation

Front 57

V1D22a- Ligand and receptor are taken into the cell by...

Back 57

endocytosis

Front 58

V1D3- Tissues that exhibit down regulation are adapted to___________.

Back 58

respond to short term increases in hormone concentrations.

Front 59

V1D4- Tissues that do not exhibit down regulation respond to hormones maintained____________.

Back 59

maintained at constant levels, and do not exhibit down regulation.

Front 60

V1D5- The term up regulation refers to....

Back 60

Increases in the sensitivity of some cells to certain hormones.

Front 61

V11A1a- Ligands that cannot pass through the plasma membrane, they are__________molecules and____________

Back 61

large,
water soluble molecules

Front 62

V11A1b- They interact with____________________.

Back 62

membrane bound receptors.

Front 63

V11Ab1- The receptor sites are exposed to....

Back 63

the outer surface of the plasma membrane

Front 64

V11A1c- The ligand binding to the receptor site initiates a_____________

Back 64

a response inside the cell

Front 65

V11A2a- Ligands that pass through the plasma membrane, they are____________and _______________

Back 65

lipid soluble,
relatively small

Front 66

V112b- They___________through the membrane and bind to_____________.

Back 66

diffuse,
intracellular receptors

Front 67

V11A2b1- Intracellular receptors are in the____________or the_______________.

Back 67

cytoplasm,
nucleus of the cell

Front 68

V11A2c1- The ligand and receptor bound together then interact with:

Back 68

DNA in the nucleus of the cell, or enzymes

Front 69

V11B1a- Protein molecules that make up part of____________

Back 69

peptide chains

Front 70

V11B1b- When the ligand binds to the receptor site it alters the___________.

Back 70

the activity of G proteins,
activity of intracellular enzymes

Front 71

V11B1b1- This causes the cannel to either....or....

Back 71

bind,
alter

Front 72

V11B1b2- These channels arecalled....

Back 72

ion channels

Front 73

V11B1c- The result is a change in the...

Back 73

intracellular activity.

Front 74

V11B1d1- What type of channel does serotonin bind to?

Back 74

membrane bound receptors

Front 75

V11B1d2- Acetylcholine causes skeletal muscle contraction by____________.

Back 75

by interaction with neuromuscular receptors

Front 76

V11B2a- List the three subunits of a G protein from largest to smallest.

Back 76

1. Alpha
2. beta
3. gamma

Front 77

V11B2b- Why are they called G proteins?

Back 77

subunits bind to guanine nucleotides.

Front 78

V11B2c- When inactive a G protein has a guanine diphosphate bound to...

Back 78

alpha subunit of each protein

Front 79

V11B2d- Theactivation of G proteins by a receptor involves:

Back 79

1. hormone binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell
2. Causes the receptor to change shape
3. As a result the receptor joins with a G protein inside the cell
4. This binding causes GDP to be reeased from the alpha subunit.
5. This allows the more abundant guanine triphosphate to bind to the alpha subunit, which activates it.
6. Then the G proteins separate from the receptor
7. The activated alpha subunit separates from the beat and gamma units
8. The activated alpha subunit produces cellular responses by altering the activity of molecules.

Front 80

V11Bda- Within_____________

Back 80

the plasma membrane

Front 81

V11Bda1- Such as opening or closing______________

Back 81

ion channels

Front 82

V11Bd8b- Inside______________

Back 82

the cell

Front 83

V11Bd8b1- Altering the activity of______________

Back 83

the alpha subunit

Front 84

V11B9a- After a short time, The activated ____________ is turned off because__________.

Back 84

alpha subunit,
a phosphate groupis removed from GTP

Front 85

V11B9b- The blank then recombines with the ___and _________.

Back 85

alpha subunit,
beta,
gamma subunits

Front 86

V11B3a- Ligands bind to membrane bound receptor and directly

Back 86

change the activity of an intracellular enzyme

Front 87

V113ba1-2- Increases or decreases...
results in the....

Back 87

the synthesis of intracellular mediator molecules
phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.

Front 88

V11B3b- The mediators or phosphorylated proteins activate...

Back 88

processes that produce the response of cells to the chemical signals.

Front 89

V11B3c- What is the Cascade effect?

Back 89

Hormones that stimulate the synthesis of an intracellular mediator molecule often produces rapid responses, the mediator influences already existing enzymes.

Front 90

V11C1- Intracellular receptors are either in the__________or the________.

Back 90

cytoplasm,
nucleus of the cell

Front 91

V11C2a- Lipid soluble ligands cross into thecell by the process of__________.

Back 91

diffusion

Front 92

V11C2b- If the receptor is in the cytoplasm, the ligand...,
The receptor and ligand__________into the nucleus and___________

Back 92

binds,
diffuse into the nucleus,
and binds to DNA

Front 93

V11C2c- If the receptor is in the nucleus, The ligand_________into the nucleus,
then binds to__________and then___________

Back 93

diffuses,
binds to its receptor,
and then binds to DNA

Front 94

V11C2d- Fingerlike projections interact with...

Back 94

DNA

Front 95

V11C2e- This increases the synthesis of__________

Back 95

specific messenger ribonucleic acid

Front 96

V11C2f- The _________molecules then move to the____________.

Back 96

mRNA,
the cytoplasm

Front 97

V11C2g- They attach to____________and increase the____________.

Back 97

ribosomes,
synthesis of specific proteins

Front 98

V11C2h- The newly synthesized______ produce the__________

Back 98

proteins,
cells response

Front 99

V11C3- Ligands operating in this manner have a ___________

Back 99

have a latent period of several hours between the time the hormones bind to their receptors and time responses are observed.

Front 100

V11C3a- During this time-

Back 100

mRNA and new proteins are synthesized.

Front 101

V11C4- The cells____________return to__________.

Back 101

slowly,
to their previous functional ststes.