Sedimentary Rocks

Front 1

What percent of land areas are covered in sediments/sedimentary rock?

Back 1

75%

Front 2

What percentage of the crust is made up of sediments/sedimentary rocks?

Back 2

A small amount

Front 3

Diagenisis

Back 3

Deposition continues and old sediments are buries under younger layers and gradually lithified by compaction.

Front 4

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Back 4

Wide variety of minerals and clasts can be found in them (majority are clay minerals and quartz crystals)

Front 5

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - What rocks?

Back 5

Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstone
Shale
Mudstone / Siltstone

Front 6

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - Shale

Back 6

silt and clay sized particles, fine grained.
Account for well over half all sedimentary rocks!
Poorly cemented, not well lithified, weak.
Ability to split into thin layers.

Front 7

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - Difference between Shale, Mudstone and Siltstone

Back 7

Shale: Breaks into thin layers
Mudstone: breaks into chunks/blocks
Siltstone: lacks places that breaks can occur...?

Front 8

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - Sandstone

Back 8

Sand sized grains dominate.
Well sorted: travelled further
Rounded: travelled further and by wind/water
Opposite for opposites.
Predominately quartz because it's durable

Front 9

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - Types of Sandstone

Back 9

Quartz Sandstone: Well travelled, mostly quartz
Arkose: 25%< feldspar, some sparkling mica + quartz. Poorly sorted + angular particles.
Graywacke: Dark coloured rock. Poor sorting, angular grains.

Front 10

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - Conglomerate

Back 10

Largely consists of gravels, boulder-pea sized. Particles are usually easily identified as rock types.
Poorly sorted particles in mud/sand.

Large particles should be round.

Front 11

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks - Breccia

Back 11

Same as conglomerate (large particles, easily identified as rocks, surrounded by mud/sand)
but the particles should be angular as they didn't travel far.

Front 12

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Back 12

Inorganic: evaporation, chemical activity (dripstone in caves, salt after a lake evaporates)
Organic: water dwellng organisms also form chemical sediments (skeletons on the floor of a lake)

Front 13

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - What rocks?

Back 13

Limestone (Carbonate Reefs, Coquina, Chalk, Travertine, Oolitic Limestone)
Dolostone
Chert

Front 14

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Limestone

Back 14

10% of all sedimentary rocks.
CaCO3 (mostly calcite)
Many types exist, mosthave marine biochemical origin.
Very obvious reaction to HCl

Front 15

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Carbonate Reefs

Back 15

Corals create large quantities of marine limestone.

Front 16

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Coquina

Back 16

Coarse rock composed of poorly cemented shells and shell fragment

Front 17

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Chalk

Back 17

soft, porous rock made up of almost entirely of hard parts of microscopic marine organisms

Front 18

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Inorganic Limestone

Back 18

formed when chemical changes/higher water temps increase concentration of calcium carbonate until it precipitates.

Front 19

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Travertine

Back 19

Inorganic. Seen in caves.
Groundwater is the source of calcium carbonate and water droplets become exposed in the spaces of a cavern.

Front 20

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Oolitic Limestone

Back 20

Inorganic.
Composed of little spherical grains that look like tiny eggs.
Formed by tiny shell fragments move back and forth in the water which is supersaturated with calcium carbonate

Front 21

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Dolostone

Back 21

Close to limestone but dolostone only effervesces in HCl when it is powdered.

Front 22

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Chert

Back 22

Very compact and hard rock.
Flint: Dark colour comes from organic matter.
Jasper: Red variety, colour from iron oxide
Agate: banded form

Front 23

Evaporates

Back 23

Halite
Rock Gypsum

Front 24

Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Back 24

Organic buildup that is decomposed.

Front 25

Organic Sedimentary Rocks - What rocks?

Back 25

Lignite Coal
Bituminous Coal
Anthracite Coal

Front 26

Organic Sedimentary Rocks - Lignite Coal

Back 26

Shallow burial in peat (soft brown organic material),
peat slowly changes to lignite - soft brown coal

Front 27

Organic Sedimentary Rocks - bituminous coal

Back 27

deeper burial turns lignite into harder, more compacted rock called bituminious coal

Front 28

Anthracite Coal

Back 28

Hard, shiny, METAMORPHIC rock

Front 29

Diagenesis

Back 29

x

Front 30

Lithification

Back 30

x

Front 31

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

Back 31

Clastic, Non-Clastic, Crystaline

Front 32

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks - Clastic

Back 32

Fragments of rock visible.
All detrital rocks.

Front 33

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks - Non-Clastic

Back 33

x

Front 34

Sedimentary Environments

Back 34

Continental,
Marine,
Transitional (shoreline)