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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Metabolism

Catabolism


Anabolism

Catabolism

Break down of molecules


Produces energy (ATP)


Reducing power

Anabolism

Builds larger molecules


builds cell structures


Requires energy

Carbon source

Autotroph (co2)


Heterotrophs (organic)

Photoautotrophs

Plants

Chemoheterotrophs

Animals

What is lowered by enzymes

Activation energy

Coenzymes

Organic molecules (vitamins)


Enzyme structure

Cofactors

Ions(metal ions)


Non protein activator

Competitive inhibitor

Competes w/ substrate for active site


Mimics substrate (shape)


Increasing substrate overcomes inhibition


Inhibitor blocks substrate binding

Non competitive inhibitor

Alters active site


Binds to allosteric site


Increasing substrate - no effect


Enzyme activity factors

Temperature


pH


Inhibitors


1. Competitive


2. Non competitive


Cofactor


Coenzyme

Denatured enzyme

-non functional


Heat


pH


Salt concentration

Dehydration synthesis

Making macromolecules (polymers)


Generating covalent bonds

Hydrolysis reaction

Breakdown of polymers

Where is ATP stored

In phosphate bonds

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Glycolysis and krebs


ADP➡️ATP

Reduction

Atom or molecule gains electrons

Oxidation

Atom or molecule lose electrons

Cellular respiration

Carbon is oxidized


Oxygen is reduced


Hydrogen and electrons

Glycolysis

Energy investment -2ATPs needed


energy yielding - 4 ATPs.


Substrate phosphorylation

Glycolysis facts

2 ATPs to jumpstart


2NADH


Net 2 ATPs per glucose


no 02 is needed


no CO2 released


cytoplasm of the cell


pyruvate is end product

Intermediate step

Per glucose: 2 CO2


2 NADH

Krebs cycle facts

Per glucose: 2 acetylene-CoA enter.. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2


per cycle(round): 1ATP, 3 NADH,1 FADH2, 2 CO2


substrate level phosphorylation


Prokaryotic: cytoplasm eukaryotic: mitochondrial matrix

Electron transport system facts

FOUND ON MEMBRANE


NADH generates 3 ATP


FADH2 generates 2 ATP


Electrons shuttled by NAD & FAD


Final electron accepter is 02


02 was reduced to H2O


Prokaryotic: plasma membrane eukaryotic: mitochondrial membrane

One glucose generates?

38 ATPs


cellular respiration


(aerobic)

Fermentation yields?

TWO ATPs per glucose!!!


final electron acceptor: organic molecule


NAD is recycled or regenerated

Anaerobic respiration

Reduction of: nitrate, sulfate final electron acceptor:inorganic molecule

Macromolecules are generated by?

Glucose

Fermentation

Final electron acceptor: organic molecule

Anaerobic respiration

Final electron acceptor: inorganic molecule