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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 major development periods for cadriorespiratory system |
- fetal to neonatal - early postnatal to adult state |
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Fetal Circulation- 3 weeks post fertilization |
- endocardial tubes fuse together to become primitive heart tubes - angiogenic cell clusters grow to form blood vessels - heart beat: contraction and relaxation |
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Heart Structure: 6 weeks gestation |
- partitions into 4 chambers - proper position of heart - interferance can cause congenital heart disease - Atrial septal defect (majority), defects to aortic arch/large vessels |
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Fetal Circulation |
- umbilical vein transports O2 and nutrients to fetus - Umbilical arteries (2) transport venous blood and waste to placenta |
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What is the fetal cardiac output through lungs |
10 to 15% |
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What is located between the right atrium and left atrium? |
Foramen Ovale |
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What is located between the pulmonary artery and aorta? |
Ductus Arteriosus |
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What does the umbilical vein split into? |
The inferior vena cava and portal vein |
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The umbilical blood has how much O2 saturation? |
70% |
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How much O2 does the peripheral fetal tissue have? |
55-60% |
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What is the O2 saturation coming from the mother? |
97% |
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Fetal Hemoglobin |
has multiple forms to compensate from the reduced oxygen availability |
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What happens to the lungs and blood flow at birth? |
- reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance - lungs expand -increase in systemic BP - increase blood flow through pulmonary circulation |
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What happens to the foramen ovale? |
- it closes (interseptal valve) - due to a greater pressure in left atrium over the right atrium |
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What happens after birth to the ductus arteriosus? |
- vasoconstriction - increase aortic BP - patent ductus arteriosis leads to Down Syndrome |
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Heart Function Change from fetus |
- heart mass increases with growth - heart adapts to increase work demands - HR decreases by 50% - CO increases 1000% - systemic resistance increases continuously into adolescence
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What volume can a fetal heart hold? |
40cm cubed |
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Post natal heart |
- left side grows more rapidly - hypertrophy of ventricular wall - 80 cm (6months), 160 cm (2 years), 600-800 cm
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Left Ventircular Mass |
- important functional relationship - relates to work - its mass is similar in boys and girls to age 12 but boys grow faster - adolescent endurance athletes have larger LV mass than non-athletes |
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Heart Rate of New born and at 1 year |
- newborn 140 bpm - 1 year 100 bpm |
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ECG |
- Early tachycardia (shorter QRS interval) - amplitude is smaller than in adults - arrhythmias ( irregular heart beat) -sinus arrhythmia (synchronized with respiration) |
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What is Stroke Volume? |
- related to heart size and mass - volume per contraction LV - newborn= 3-4ml - pre adolescence= 40 ml - adult= 60 ml |
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What is Cardiac Output? |
- volume per minute - SV x HR - newborn= 0.5L/min - young adult= 5L/min |
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Blood Pressure Change |
- expansion of lungs decreases vascular resistance - pulmonary arterial/ right ventricular pressure decreases - increased peripheral vascular resistance (left ventricular and aortic pressure) - systolic and diastolic pressure increase - cardiac contraction increases - related to height |
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Blood volume |
- correlated with body mass and heart size - new born: 300 to 400 ml increases - male volume greater than females
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What is Hematocrit? |
- the ratio of volume of RBC to the total volume of blood - newborns= 50% - 2 to 3 months= 30% - increase childhood ( males= 40-45%, females=38-42%) - females have less because of muscle mass difference and regular loss in females
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Red Blood Cells |
- erythroblasts synthesize hemoglobin and turn to erythrocytes - no nuclear material - life span 110-120 days - all bone produce marrow, after age 5 long bone production is less - at birth= 4-4.5 million - 2 months= 3 million - gradual increase in childhood to adolescence (male> female)
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What does hemoglobin correlate to? |
- body weight - increases during growth - regular exercise/altitude exposure - neonate= 20g/100ml - 3 to 6 months decline to 10g/100g - gradual increase to adolescence (16g/100ml males) (14g/100ml females) |
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What do white blood cells do? |
- destroy, contain invading bacteria, parasites - facilitate immune response - birth > 40000 microlitres - gradually decreases to 8000 as an adult |
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What are platelets? |
- blood clotting, repair of blood vessel walls - 350000 micro litres, stable count |
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Lungs growth and development |
- single pouch at 4 weeks then divides - bronchial tree at 16 weeks - fluid filled - 60 to 70g at birth, increase 20x - growth correlated to height |
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Alveoli |
- develop in last trimester - expanded with respiration - 20 million at birth to 300 million at 8 - 3 ml air/g tissue to 8-10 ml air/g |
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Respiratory Process |
- O2 diffusion alveoli goes into circulation - gas transport to/from tissue - cellular respiration: O2 consumption and CO2 production |
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Breathing Regulation |
- brain stem is the respiratory centre - stretch receptors in lungs - carotid/aortic chemoreceptors: functional at birth - little known about how it relates to growth
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What are the breathing frequencies at birth, 1 year, 5/6 and 16/17? |
- birth= 40 +/- 10 bpm - 1 year= 30 bpm - 5/6= 22 bpm - stable at 16/17= +/- 3 bpm
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What is FEV? |
- forced expiratory volume - volume of gas expired in the first sec
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What is MVV? |
- Maximum Voluntary Ventilation in 10 to 15 sec - L/min |
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Lung volume/capacity and flow change as a function of? |
- height not age
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Alveolar air and Arterial blood |
- relation between them - very similar
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What is total lung capacity? |
= EVERYTHING |
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What is Tidal Volume? |
-total air displaced while breathing normally
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What is Vital Capacity? |
- greatest volume of air that can be expelled after taking the deepest breath possible = TV+ IRV+ ERV |
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What is Residual Volume? |
- the air left after maximal expiratory levels
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What is IC? |
- Inspiratory Capacity - max air that can be inspired = IRV + TV |
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What FRC? |
- Functional Residual Capacity - amount of air in lungs after normal expiration =ERV+RV |
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What is IRV? |
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume - amount that can be breathed in after tidal volume |
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What is ERV? |
- Expiratory Reserve Volume - additional air that can be exhaled after tidal volume |
