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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific Revolution
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period of change when scientists and philosophers challenged old ideas based on spirit of the Renaissance
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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mid 1500's
Polish scholar universe was heliocentric, not geocentric based on mathematical formulas |
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Galileo Gallilei
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early 1600's
Italian astronomer support the heiocentric theory by use of a telescope and studies of the planets and heavenly bodies -threatened church teachings -was put on trial and when faced with death was forced to retract his ideas |
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Isaac Newton
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Enlish Scholar
built on the knowledge of Copernicus and Galileo, used mathematiocs to prove the sxistence of a force that kept planest in their orbits Found the force of gravity, force tha tmade objects fall toward Earth, theorize dhtat nature follows uniform laws |
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Scientific Method
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1600's
experimentation and ovservation rather than on past authorities |
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Rene Descartes
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Frenchman
challenged the idea that new knowledge shouldbe made to fit existing tradition ideas -believed that reason rahter than tradition should be the way to discover truth |
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natural law
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laws that govern human behavior by applying the scientific method of investigation and voservation, shcolars thought that they could solve the problems of society
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Enlightenment
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Period of the 1700's in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason
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Rationalism
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belief that logical thought can lead to truth
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John Locke
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English Thinker
late 1600's -people possess natural rights *life, liberty, property -people form governments to protect rights -if governments fail, people can overthrow them |
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Baron de Montesquieu
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French Thinker
late 1700's -powers of government should be separated into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial -separtaion of powers would prevent tyranny, create system of checks and balances |
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Voltaire
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French thnker
1700's -free speech -used sharp wit to criticize French government and the Catholic Church for their faillure to permit relkigious teloertaion and intellectual freedom |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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French philosopher
1700's -"The Social Contract" - believed people were naturally good, but corrupted by evils of society, such as unequal distribution of property -will of the majority, general will- majority should always work for the greater good |
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Enlightened Despots
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monarchs who accepted Enlightenment ideas
-absolute powers who used thier power to reform society |
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Maria Theresa
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Austrian Ruler
1700's -improved tax system by forcing nobles and clergy to pay taxes -made primary education available to children in her kingdom |
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Jospeh II
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Maria Theresa's son
-most radical despot -modernized Austria's government -chose officials for talents, not status -practiced religious toleration, ended censorship, abolished serfdom |
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Catherine the Great
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Empress of Russia
1762- ? -asked advice of nobles, free peasants, townspeople -built schools and hospitals -promoted education of women, extended religious teloerance |