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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Identify accepted CPTED landscape design principles that enhance security of an area

Design principles for safety include:



  • Good community design (e.g. land use regulations, attractive built environments) may be a factor that decreases crime and improves public health and in community
  • Visibility through exterior lighting design (e.g. for building entrances, walkways and parking) and landscape design (e.g. ground cover and canopy trees) may contribute to a more pedestrian-friendly environment and demonstrate community ownership
  • Elements that reinforce and define ownership of property, such as pavement treatments, landscaping, art, signage, screening, and fences
  • Low-maintenance landscaping and lighting to encourage natural surveillance and access control (i.e. elements such as sidewalks, pavement, lighting, and landscaping that help identify entrances and exits and delineate whether access to a space is public or private)
  • Fences, walls, or landscaping to discourage the public from entering dark and unmonitored areas
  • Parking areas for both residential and business users to share

What is CPTED?

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is crime prevention strategy that focuses on the design, planning and structure of cities and neighborhoods to reduce opportunities for crime by employing design and place management principles that minimize the likelihood of essential crime ingredients from intersecting in time and space. The four strategies of CPTED are:



  • Natural Surveillance - Features that maximize visibility of people, lighted parking areas and building entrances, doors and windows that look out on to the streets and parking areas, front porches
  • Territorial Reinforcement - features that define property lines and distinguish private spaces from public spaces using landscape plantings, pavement designs, gateway treatments, and 'CPTED' fences
  • Natural Access Control - streets, sidewalks, building entrances and neighborhood gateways to define public routes and discourage access to private areas
  • Target Hardening - features that prohibit entry or access: window locks, dead bolts, interior door hinges

Define the following: Safety audit, Crime Risk Assessment

A safety audit is conducted usually at the request of the community, police or other relevant organizations and agencies who feel a particular area is the target of anti-social behavior, public drinking or vandalism. Safety audits are performed using "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design" principles and recommendations are distributed to the relevant parties for action.




A crime risk assessment is a systematic evaluation of the potential for crime in an area. It provides an indication of likely magnitude of crime and the likely crime type. The considerations of both those dimensions, crime amount and type, will determine the choice and appropriate mix of CPTED (or CPTEM) strategies to be applied in respect of a specific development.

Effective site planning and landscape design can enhance the security of a facility. Identify some of these landscape design principles.

Principles include:



  • Well considered planting design, including the use of thorny plants, can assist in reducing vandalism whilst enhancing security
  • Shrub planting immediately adjacent to footpaths, or in other areas requiring a high-level of natural surveillance, should have a natural growth height of no more than 1 meter
  • Use of lighter foliage planting will provide visual permeability whilst still offering amenity screening
  • Planting design should seek to avoid locating trees where they can become aids to climbing over boundaries or onto buildings
  • Where a high level of natural surveillance is required, clear-stemmed trees should be used
  • Planting design should seek to avoid plant growth obscuring doors and windows, or interfering with the operations of lighting, CCTV or other security systems

What is CPSI?

The Certified Playground Safety Instructor (CPSI) is a certification offered by the National Playground Safety Institute (a program of the National Recreation and Park Association). CPSI's are certified to inspect playgrounds for safety issues, making sure that each playground that they inspect is up to the current national standards. The national standards are developed by the ASTM and CPSC. Playground certification is achieved by passing the qualification exam that includes knowledge of:



  • surfacing
  • fall zones
  • protrusion hazard
  • entanglement hazard
  • entrapment hazard
  • guardrails
  • overall condition of equipment
  • inappropriate equipment

What is playground certification?

According to state laws, it is the duty of the government (HRS, Department of Family and Children Services, etc.) to evaluate a playground for safety issues, making sure that each playground is up to the current national standards. The national standards are developed by the ASTM and CPSC. Inspected items include proper surfacing under each structure, proper spacing and distance from other structures and objects, proper safety certification of the equipment, proper maintenance and stability, accessibility, etc. US CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION - Handbook for Public Playground Safety presents safety information for public playground equipment in the form of guidelines, equipment for use in the play areas of parks, schools, child care facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resorts and recreational developments, and other public areas of public use. The recommendations in this handbook address the typical user ages 2 through 12 years. The guidelines are not a mandatory standard

How is the creative process defined in landscape architect?

Landscape design is the creative process of finding artistic yet practical solutions, to put the landscape to work for the client -- whether the goal is to add beauty, provide safety, improve usability, reduce maintenance, or incorporate personal expression. The concept of unity is one of the artistic principles used in landscape design. It is the part of the process that creates a feeling of 'wholeness' in a space.




To create a landscape in which all the elements appear to belong together requires:



  • Proximity - placing elements together to form a grouping
  • Repetition - replicating features such as shape, color or texture
  • Continuation - creating a line or edge that carries the viewer's eye throughout the space
  • Continuity - visual relationships between two or more designs

What aesthetics principles of design should a landscape designer utilize when defining a space?

Aesthetic principles ensure the design is attractive, visually compatible and has a 'sense of fit' with the surrounding landscape. Aesthetic principles to consider include:



  • Hierarchy - setting priorities
  • Emphasis and focus - the visual expression of hierarchy through size, position, value, and color
  • Contrast - (big/little, crowded/open, orange/blue) helps to set hierarchy, focus attention and create drama
  • Tension - throwing things off a little to manipulate relative position
  • Balance - creating a gravitational axis with dense and open space, heavy and lighter elements symmetrical or asymmetric
  • Rhythm - variety and pattern
  • Flow - leading the eye across the surface in a desired sequence
  • Depth - leading the eye beyond the surface, or making things jump out from the surface
  • Scale - the illusion of size
  • Movement - the illusion of physical interaction via elements angled, repetition
  • Unity - that which holds the piece together (color, grouping of related items)

Developing a design solution involves using problem solving strategies. Identify and explain.

A landscape plan is a strategy toward an ultimate client goal(s) while complying with local or state regulations and codes. The 'problem-solving' procedure is an accepted means for addressing any set of conditions in an organized and deliberate manner. It is an elaborate and systematic plan of action which involves the following:



  • Identify the problem
  • Identifying resources
  • setting priorities
  • identifying relevant issues
  • investigating the consequences of various solutions
  • selecting the best response to the problem
  • evaluating the selected solution to the problem
  • supervising and constructing

Identify the artistic principles that should be applied in developing a quality design solution

Artistic principles should include:



  • Proportion and scale - visually pleasing and functional relationship among length, width, and height
  • Balance - aesthetically pleasing integration of elements
  • Unity - pleasing whole
  • Harmony - aesthetic integration of diverse elements (site amenities and plant material)
  • Line - lines will direct the movement or sight to a particular area of interest through paths, walls, fences, and planting masses
  • Emphasis - directing attention to one object or portion of a composition, focal points
  • Contrast - diversity of adjacent elements in terms of color, texture, or time
  • Variety - different forms or types of elements
  • Repetition - massing or grouping individual plants or site amenities
  • Form - columnar, vase, round, weeping, pyramidal, oval, and irregular structures, landforms and plant materials
  • Texture - varied patterns of light and shade when seen from afar
  • Color - most easily obtained through the selection of plant materials and site amenities
Identify planning objective that promote 'smart growth' and 'sustainable development'.

Successful neighborhood development requires careful and extensive preparation. Planning is the process that helps communities sort through and prioritize needs while assisting the municipality in allocating resources to meet those needs. Smart Growth recognizes the interdependence of neighborhoods and municipalities in a metropolitan region and promotes balanced, integrated regional development through regional planning processes. Sustainable development has become some sort of a 'buzz-word' in the planning industry, with the recognition that present ways of consumption are living have led to problems like the overuse of natural resources, ecosystem destruction, pollution, growing inequality in cities, the degradation of human living conditions and human-induced climate change. Planners have, as a result, taken to advocating for the development of sustainable cities.

Identify planning principles that guide regional community and neighbor planning.

Regional community and neighborhood planning principles use comprehensive planning guide, design, develop, revitalize, and build communities for all to



  • have a unique sense of community and place
  • preserve and enhance valuable natural and cultural resources
  • equitably distribute the costs and benefits of development
  • expand the range of transportation, employment and housing choices in a fiscally responsible manner
  • value long-range, regional considerations of sustainability over short term incremental geographically isolated actions
  • Promotes public health and healthy communities

Explain the relationship of program elements in landscape design

The potential of the site for development influences the ultimate program element recommendations that satisfy both goals/objectives and client values

Define the following: preliminary budget, construction schedule, payment schedule

A preliminary budget is a budget that estimates project costs and enhances ability to assess a project's feasibility. Cost estimates include reasonable contingency factors such as bidding and changes in the work during construction.




A construction schedule is the planned dates for performing activities and the planned dates for meeting milestones. Project phase and activity schedule increase a project's effectiveness. The size and cost of a project increases the length of time to complete the project. A payment schedule is a timeline for the payments of compensations. The architect provides a proposed schedule of payments. The payment may be billed upon completion of each of the major project phases.

Performance specifications help satisfy owners' quality concerns without committing projects to particular material and system choices. Identify performance criteria that affect the development of a project.

Performance standards establish criteria for project development in legal entities. The purpose of the standards is to mitigate the negative impacts of development in an area. The standards address a variety of issues such as building lines, construction, buffers, landscaping, lighting, drainage, water quality, 'green building', parking, and signage etc. The projects are expected to meet, within reason, certain pre-established performance criteria. Performance specification to establish criteria are primarily US standards, like ASTM, ANSI, ASHRAE, ASME, NFPA, & IEEE. The EPA is responsible for water and sanitation policy and standard setting within the executive branch. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification is the recognized standards for measuring building sustainability.

Identify various methods used to obtain information about community needs and cultural influences and values

To ascertain the needs, problems, and possibilities of the community and to determine what priorities the community attaches to them, legislators, policy makers, and leaders of public and private agencies and organizations use self-reported need assessments such as citizen committees, public hearings, forums, public records, focus groups, surveys, etc. to gauge public opinion, sort out special interest groups, and organize effective citizen action groups in community design programs. In addition, the Internet and computers allow for on-line exchanges and interactive voting processes, exercises, and tutorials without requiring face-to-face interactions. Geographic information systems (GIS) and other computer-based tools such as visual simulations show before and after representations to educate the public.

What are sustainable landscapes?

Sustainable landscaping is about reducing waste, energy and materials. Sustainable landscapes are managed by using practices that preserve limited and costly natural resources, reduce waste generation, and help prevent air, water, and soil pollution. The goal is to minimize environmental impacts and maximize value received from dollars expended. Sustainable landscapes feature healthier, longer-lived plants that rely less on chemical pesticides and fertilizers, minimize water use, and reduce waste generation and disposal. They also require less maintenance and alleviate groundwater and air pollution problems. The use of sustainable technology includes wind power, solar power and condensation recycling systems in site design

Explain the LEED green building rating system

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification is the recognized standard for measuring building sustainability. It is designed to promote design and construction practices that increase profitability while reducing the negative environmental impacts of buildings and improving occupant health and well-being. The LEED rating system offers 4 levels for new construction -- Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum -- that correspond to the number of credits accrued in five green design categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. LEED promotes water-use reduction through resourceful landscaping, waste water technologies, and high-efficiency plumbing design. Getting certified allows an owner to take advantage of a growing number of state and local government incentives

The detailed site analysis focuses on site characteristics that help define the final design. Identify components of a site analysis.

The components of site analysis documents that should include the following:



  • Existing vegetation - natural vegetation, existing ornamental plantings, mature trees, unique vegetation
  • Existing conditions
  • Natural Features - existing soil, rock and water
  • Soils - soil type as it relates to drainage, erosion control, slope stability, irrigation design, and plant selection
  • Topography - steep slopes, abrupt grade changes
  • Structures - storage space, play equipment, patios, fences, walls
  • Views - good as well as objectionable
  • Light characteristics - full sun, half-day full sun, indirect light, broken shade, full shade or any light level in between.
  • Drainage - runoff patterns, ponding
  • Noise levels
  • Vehicular and pedestrian circulation
  • Security requirements
  • Fountains, waterfalls, pools or ponds
  • Extensional landscape - things that are not on a property but affect property
  • Utility placement
  • Easements/setback lines
  • Maintenance - low, medium, or high maintenance
  • Primary architectural features of the house

What is a visual resource assessment?

Visual resources are the various elements of the landscape that contribute to the visual character of a place. These elements can be either natural or human-made and include objects, vistas, and viewsheds. A visual assessment generally begins with an inventory of the visual resources of a particular site. Visual resource inventory classes are assigned through the inventory process based on scenic quality evaluations, sensitivity level analysis, and delineation of distance zones. BLM - administered lands are placed into one of four visual resource inventory classes. These inventory classes represent the relative value of the visual resources, Classes I and II having the highest values, Class III representing moderate value and Class IV being of least value.

How are Quantitative analyses used to evaluate the interactions of natural and cultural features, characteristics, and systems and legal and regulatory requirements?

Quantitative analysis provides information that is used to meet the requirements of various legal and regulatory systems. Data from a resource that is widely acknowledged as a source of accurate data (US Census Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency), regional council of government lends credibility to a document. Using quantitative data is especially valuable when natural resources are involved as it provides precise information on the land qualities in numerical form. Quantitative data can be useful for identifying avoidance and minimization opportunities in terms of land qualities which have a positive or negative effect on various natural resources and in terms of recreation, conservation or economic development.

How are qualitative analyses used to evaluate the relationship between the natural and cultural features, characteristics, and systems and legal and regulatory requirements?

Qualitative data such as interviews, document studies, participant observation and focus groups help researchers to understand and explain people and the social and cultural contexts within which they live (quality of life, recreational experience). These key people include households, businesses, developers, and local governments. Information frequently gathered includes population and economic growth, desirability of certain locations, the costs and availability of developable land, physical and regulatory constraints, transportation, and the costs of sewer and water services. This information (whether verbal or written) is used for planning where, when, and what type of development that takes place and identifies external factors that must be addressed such as legal and regulatory factor as that influence this relationship.

Explain the role that the client and the landscape architect play in determining the project requirements.

Projects requirements are the spaces, systems, and materials that the client envisions the final project will include. The role of the landscape architect is to transfer the client's wishes, desires, likes, and dislikes into a functional design within the amount of funds the client has available for the project. To the architect, the owner provides information regarding the following: Design objectives, constraints, and criteria, including space requirements and relationships, flexibility, expandability, special equipment, and site requirements. From the client's project requirements, the architect addresses points such as:



  • Project scope
  • Project site
  • Levels of design quality and amenity
  • Role of the project in the owner's life
  • Schedule requirements or constraints
  • Budget estimate and sources of financing
  • Codes and regulations

The project program analyzes requirements, priorities, and user needs to determine whether a site has the capacity to support the program requirements. Identify these requirements.

Program requirements begin with the client's wishes: the type of development requested and the client and the client's expressed goals and objectives. An inventory and analysis of a selected parcel's characteristics, as well as its relationship with adjacent land uses, will form the basis of future land use decisions. The collection of information relevant to the site and the surrounding area includes the identification of the following:



  • Impact of the development
  • Infrastructure improvements needed and available to support development
  • Necessary energy, material, labor, products needed to support redevelopment
  • Waste outputs (solid waste, sewage effluent, exhaust emissions) at acceptable environmental costs
  • Operating and maintenance costs
  • Zoning standards since it reflects overall development constraints

The end objective relates to the efficient establishment of the proposed development while being sensitive to the environmental characteristics of the site and its surroundings.