Section 1 Ch.1

Front 1

form determines what?

Back 1

function

Front 2

homeostasis

Back 2

state of balance within the body - the goal of physiological regulation

Front 3

anatomy

Back 3

"a cutting open" - study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts.

- oldest medical science - Ancient Egypt

Front 4

physiology

Back 4

study of how living organisms perform their body functions

Front 5

molecular biology

Back 5

studies processes at the level of individual genes

- most rapid progress in recent decades has taken place in this field

Front 6

medical terminology

Back 6

involves using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease.

- generally Greek or Latin

Front 7

pathology

Back 7

the study of disease

- path - disease

- ology - the study of

Front 8

eponym

Back 8

anatomical structures or disease named after the person that discovered them or their most famous victim.

Front 9

gross anatomy

Back 9

macroscopic anatomy involving examining relatively large structures. Can be seen without the use of a microscope. Many different forms: surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, clinical anatomy, and developmental anatomy.

Front 10

surface anatomy

Back 10

the study of general form and superficial markings.

Front 11

regional anatomy

Back 11

focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

Front 12

systemic anatomy

Back 12

the study of the structure of organ systems.

Front 13

organ systems

Back 13

groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.

Front 14

clinical anatomy

Back 14

includes a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice, i.e. pathological anatomy, radiographic anatomy, and surgical anatomy.

Front 15

developmental anatomy

Back 15

describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood.

Front 16

embryology

Back 16

the study of the early developmental process

Front 17

microscopic anatomy

Back 17

deals with structures that can only be seen through magnification - limited by the equipment used and includes two major subdivisions: histology and cytology

Front 18

cytology

Back 18

the study of the internal structure of individual cells.

Front 19

histology

Back 19

the examination of tissues

Front 20

tissues

Back 20

groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions.

Front 21

organs

Back 21

tissues combine to form these

Front 22

human physiology

Back 22

the study f the functions, or workings, of the human body. More subspecialties than in anatomy, i.e. cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology

Front 23

cell physiology

Back 23

the study of functions of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology. Includes both chemical processes within cells and chemical interactions among cells.

Front 24

organ physiology

Back 24

the study of the function of specific organs.

Front 25

systemic physiology

Back 25

inlcudes al aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems.

Front 26

pathological physiology

Back 26

the study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions.

Front 27

signs

Back 27

an objective disease indicator like a fever

Front 28

symptoms

Back 28

a subjective disease indication, such as tiredness

Front 29

atoms

Back 29

the smallest stable units of matter, which can combine to form molecules with complex shapes.

Front 30

organism

Back 30

the highest level of organization that we consider. All the body's organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.

Front 31

homoestasis

Back 31

refers to the existence of a stable internal environment.

Front 32

homeostatic regulation

Back 32

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis. Primarily accomplished through negative feedback. Maintains a range instead of a single set point.

Front 33

autoregulation

Back 33

a process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change.

Front 34

extrinsic regulation

Back 34

a process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system.

Front 35

parts of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism

Back 35

a receptor, a control center, and an effector.

Front 36

receptor

Back 36

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

Front 37

control center

Back 37

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

Front 38

effector

Back 38

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

Front 39

set point

Back 39

the point which the body's functions will work toward returning to.

Front 40

negative feedback

Back 40

an effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus.

- hypothalamus receives info from two sets of temp receptors, on e in the skin and the other within the hypothalamus. If temp rises above the set point (~98.6F/37C), the control center targets muscle tissue and sweat glands to relax and secrete, respectively, thus dilating blood vessels and sweating, thereby lowering temp.

Front 41

positive feedback

Back 41

an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.

- a laceration damages cells which release chemicals that begin the clotting process. A chain reaction is started causing various chemicals, proteins and cell fragments to form a clot. As it continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process ending in clot formation.

Front 42

positive feedback loop

Back 42

an escalating positive feedback cycle

Front 43

disease

Back 43

organ systems malfunction, producing a state of illness. This illness is the disease.

Front 44

state of equilibrium

Back 44

exists when opposing processes or forces are in balance.

Front 45

dynamic equilibrium

Back 45

physiological systems continually adapting and adjusting to changing conditions in order to maintain a state of equilibrium, keeping vital conditions within a normal range value.

Front 46

superficial anatomy

Back 46

involves locating structures on or near the body surface.

Front 47

abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 47

formed by a pair of perpendicular lines intersecting at the umbilicus (navel). The names of the quadrants are: right upper quadrant (RUQ); left upper quadrant (LUQ); right lower quadrant (RLQ); and the left lower quadrant (LLQ).

Front 48

abdominopelvic regions

Back 48

preferred by anatomists for the more precise application, this recognizes 9 regions: the left and right hypochondriac regions, the epigastric region, the left and right lumbar regions, the umbilical region, the left and right inguinal regions, and the hypogastric (pubic) region.

Front 49

section

Back 49

a slice through a 3-dimensional object

Front 50

cranial

Back 50

also cephalic - toward the head

Front 51

caudal

Back 51

towards the tail (coccyx in humans)

Front 52

coronal

Back 52

also frontal - separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. Usually refers to sections passing through the skull

Front 53

sectional planes

Back 53

any section through a 3-dimensional plane. 3 sections are needed to describe any 3-dimensional object.

Front 54

transverse

Back 54

also horizontal - plane that lies at a right angle to the long axis of the body dividing it into superior and inferior portions.

- a cut in this plane is a transverse section - also cross section

Front 55

frontal plane

Back 55

parallel to the long axis of the body and dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Front 56

saggital plane

Back 56

separates right and left portions along the body's long axis

Front 57

midsaggital section

Back 57

the plane passes through the midline separating the body into equal left and right portions.

Front 58

parasaggital section

Back 58

misses the midline, separating the body into unequal left and right portions.

Front 59

transverse plane

Back 59

also horizontal - oriented perpendicular to the long axis separating superior and inferior portions of the body.

Front 60

body cavities

Back 60

closed, fluid-filled, and lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane, or serosa.

Front 61

viscera

Back 61

the internal organs that are enclosed by cavities

Front 62

serous fluid

Back 62

a watery fluid, moistens serous membranes, coats opposing surfaces, and reduces friction.

Front 63

visceral serosa

Back 63

the potion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ

Front 64

parietal serosa

Back 64

the layer, opposing the visceral serosa, that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber.

Front 65

potential spaces

Back 65

space between the parietal and visceral serosae.

Front 66

pleural cavities

Back 66

surround each lung dividing the thoracic cavity into left and right

Front 67

mediastinum

Back 67

a mass of tissue separating the left and right pleural cavities

Front 68

pleura

Back 68

the serous membrane lining a pleural cavity

Front 69

visceral pleura

Back 69

covers the outer surfaces of a lung

Front 70

parietal pleura

Back 70

covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall.

Front 71

pericardial cavity

Back 71

a small chamber that surrounds the heart - similar to a fist pushing into a balloon.

Front 72

pericardium

Back 72

serous membrane associated with the heart

Front 73

visceral pericardium

Back 73

serous membrane covering the heart

Front 74

parietal pericardium

Back 74

the opposing surface to the visceral pericardium

Front 75

abdominalpelvic cavity

Back 75

extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and is subdivided into the abdominal and inferior pelvic cavities. Contains the peritoneal cavity

Front 76

peritoneal peritoneum

Back 76

lines the inner surface of the body wall

Front 77

visceral peritoneum

Back 77

covers the enclosed organs and is separated from the peritoneal peritoneum by a small amount of fluid, creating a potential space.

Front 78

retroperitoneal cavity

Back 78

lies between the peritoneal lining and the muscular of the abdominal cavity.

Front 79

infraperitoneal

Back 79

used to describe organs that extend inferior of the peritoneal cavity.

Front 80

dorsal body cavity

Back 80

may be used to refer to the internal chamber of the skull (cranial cavity)

Front 81

vertebral cavity

Back 81

the space enclose by the vertebral bodies and vertebral arches.

Front 82

x-rays

Back 82

High-energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues. X-ray travels through the body before striking a plate. The places where the x-rays cannot penetrate are white.

- oldest and most common method of imaging.

Front 83

radiopacity

Back 83

the ability to stop the passage of x-rays

Front 84

radiopaque

Back 84

the areas that x-rays cannot penetrate.

- radiopaque tissues look white, and less radiopaque tissues are in shades of gray to black with black being like air.

Front 85

barium contrast x-ray

Back 85

a radiopaque substance (barium) that is swallowed and used to show the contours of the stomach and intestines.

Front 86

scanning techniques

Back 86

diagnostic imaging techniques - X-rays, barium-contrast x-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, PET scan, Ultrasound, spiral CT scan, digital subtraction angiography

Front 87

CT scan

Back 87

computed tomography scan, which uses computers to reconstruct sectional views from a single x-ray source which rotates around the body before moving and rotating again.

-useful for showing soft tissue structure

Front 88

MRI scan

Back 88

magnetic resonance imaging uses a magnetic field (3,000 stronger than Earth's) to align atoms which reflect radio waves giving greater detail of soft organs.

Front 89

PET scan

Back 89

positron emission tomography - assesses metabolic and physiological activity of a structure.

- important for evaluating healthy and diseased brain function.

Front 90

ultrasound

Back 90

a small transmitter touching the skin emits a brief, narrow burst of high-frequency sound and then detects the echoes forming an echogram from the pattern.

-not as clear a picture as other methods but poses no significant adverse effects to fetal development. Can be used to assess a beating heart.

Front 91

spiral CT scan

Back 91

3-dimensional imaging technology that typically utilizes x-rays to develop the image in great detail with less x-ray exposure compare to a CT scan.

Front 92

DSA

Back 92

digital subtraction angiography is used to monitor blood flow through specific organs by using x-rays taken before and after radiopaque dye is admin. The computer then subtracts details common to both images resulting in a high contrast image showing the location of the dye.

Front 93

hormones

Back 93

the body's chemical messengers.

Front 94

name the organ systems of the human body

Back 94

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Front 95

major components of the integumentary system

Back 95

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails.

- protects from environmental hazards; helps regulate body temp.; provides sensory info.

Front 96

major components of the skeletal system

Back 96

bones, cartilages, assoc. ligaments, bone marrow.

- provides support and protection; store calcium and other minerals; forms blood cells

Front 97

major components of the muscular system

Back 97

skeletal muscles and assoc. tendons.

- provides movement, protection, support; generates heat to help maintain body temp.

Front 98

major components of the nervous system

Back 98

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs.

- directs immediate responses to stimuli; moderates activities of organ systems; provides and interprets sensory info about external conditions.

Front 99

major components of the endocrine system

Back 99

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems.

- directs long-term change in the activities of other organ systems; adjusts metabolic activity and energy use; controls many structural and functional changes during development.

Front 100

major components of the cardiovascular system

Back 100

heart, blood, blood vessels.

- distributes blood cells, water and dissolved nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and CO2; distributes heat and helps control body temp.

Front 101

major components of the lymphatic system

Back 101

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils.

- defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluids to bloodstream.

Front 102

major components of the respiratory system

Back 102

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.

- delivers air to alveoli' provides oxygen to bloodstream; removes CO2 from bloodstream; produces sounds for communication

Front 103

major components of the digestive system

Back 103

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

- processes and digests food; absorbs and conserves water; absorbs nutrients; stores energy reserves

Front 104

major components of the urinary system

Back 104

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

-excretes waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced; stores urine prior to elimination;regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.

Front 105

major components of the male reproductive system

Back 105

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum.

- produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones; sexual intercourse.

Front 106

major components of the female reproductive system

Back 106

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagine, labia clitoris, mammary glands.

- produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones; supports embryo from conception to delivery; provides milk to nourish newborn infant; sexual intercourse.

Front 107

thermoregulation

Back 107

the relationship between heat loss, and heat production.

Front 108

hypothalamus

Back 108

a region of the brain that is the homeostatic control center for the body's temp.

Front 109

ID the major body cavities and their subdivisions

Back 109

thoracic cavity (pleural cavity and pericardial cavity)

Abdominopelvic cavity (peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity)

Front 110

epidemiology

Back 110

the branch of science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Front 111

etiology

Back 111

the science and study of the cause of diseases.

Front 112

morbidity

Back 112

the state of being diseased or unhealthy, or the incidence of disease in a population.

Front 113

pathophysiology

Back 113

the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease.

Front 114

syndrome

Back 114

a condition characterized by a group of associated symptoms.