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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SEA population and %
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600 million and 9% of the worlds population
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factors affecting population distrubution
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pop growth rates var
different family planning migration rural to ruban infertile soil and rugged mountain push people out urban centers pull people in densely populated area are in lowlands, coastal plains, and river deltas |
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mainland uplands
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sparse settlement
swidden system (slash and burn) deforestation, soil erosion Burma, laos, thailand, gold triangle for opium |
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Insular regions (closed in to the outside)
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island rainforests have poor soils
volcanic soils tend to be fertile dense settlement in deltas, and other areas of fertile soil |
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lowlands: plantation region
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rice, cane, sugar, rubbber, tea and copra (dried coconut meat)
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rice in the lower river basins
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intensive wet rice cultivation
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highest population density:
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jave and bali islands
Java worlds most populated island any river deltas: the mekong, the red river, irrawaday, the chao phraya |
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demographic factors of population change
total fertility rate: |
average number of children born by stat average woman (1.4 in europe to 5.2 in africa)
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crude birth rate
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number of babies born per 1000 people per year
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crude birth rate
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number of deaths per year per 1000 people
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natural growth rate
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birth rate- death rate
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rate of natural increase RNI
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annual growth rate for a country or region as a percentage increase
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net migration rate
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in migration - out migration
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population change =
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(births - deaths) + (in migration- out migration)
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recent demographic changes
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reductions in TFR and pop growth rates
growth rates over 2% per years, EAST timor, Laos, Philipp Phill: higher growth rate reflects catholic church and family planning low level development = high TFR (laos, east timor) Singapore .6% pop growth thai growth rates have halved .6% also Sing and Thai below replacement level fertility |
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Reasons for fertility decline
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strong government commitment to family planning
(well organized programs) eceonomic development: improved health care improved education (especially for women) policies to improve the status of women Ideas fo change: Media and education Cultural values: buddhist religion nuclear families female autonomy |
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Mortality and life expectancy:
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increase in longer living since the 50's
diminishing diseases (although sitll high in cambodia, burma , laos) envio hazards: natural increase prone areas, pollution injury deaths: on the job, motorcycle increase in aids : thailand 1.4 effected |
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motorcycle related mortality:
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malaysia, thailand, cambodia, vietnam
over 50% of road fatalities involve motrocycles on major roads and in rural areas 94% fatalities males and younger age groups |
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demand for health care:
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emerging in singapore, malaysia, and thailand
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financing shcemes for the poor:
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health card in thailand
helaht fund for th epoor in vietnam health equity fun in cambodia and laos medifund in singapore public hospitals insurance healthcare financing vietnam, indo, phillipines healthcare (local governments) |
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growth of the middle class
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from spending more money, health care, and education
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demographic transitions in east and SEA asia
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decrease in birth and death rates
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singapore pop pyramid
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low birth, low death = slim base wide top
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thailand, and burma (myanmar), and vietnam
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decreasing birth and death rate = almost slim base wide top
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laos, cambodia, east timor
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high birth and death rate = narrow top wide bottom
decrease in middle age for (camb, E timor) |
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indonesia and brunei
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decreasing birth rate, still high mortality rate, potentially aging population (increase in middle age population
slim top and bottom wide middle |
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malaysia and philippines
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high birth rate, decreasing mortality slowly
wide base wide top, soon to be slim base |
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aging population trend
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increase in aging due to healthcare
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increase in international mobility
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acceptance of family reunion as a basis for immigration
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flows of refugees
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outflow rom laos and cambodia 5% of the total popluation
recent outflow from burma muslims for mindanao into malaysia |
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overseas contract workers:
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SEA contract labor migration, larger scale, smilled/unskilled labor
increasing deminization documented, not documented majority moving to the middle east |
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remittances
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remittances have grown since the 80's
capital flows due to receipt of nationals in foreign countries spent money on consumption: housing, education, purchase of land, small businesses |
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domestic mobility
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circular migration (week to several years)
off farm income: hald of rural households enering urban areas living in urban areas is so much higher seasonal job opputrinues in rural areas development of social networkds getting recruited o urban construction sector |
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long distance commuting
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public transportation, motor bikes
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indonesia has a policy for trnasmigration (migrating from one region to another in the national territory)
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from jave to other islands
its chilled out since the 70's doe |
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SEA rural and urban realms, urbanizaition in SEA
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besides Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore SEA societies are still rurual
in the last 3 decades there has been a fast rate of urbanization growth: rural to urban pull effects: jobs, chain migration push effects: rural poverty, landlessness, no oppurtunities |
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agricultural production:
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risen 60% since the 1970s
rice production has doubles 25% of worlds pop growing exports agricultural land has increased only 15% in the last several decades |
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rice production
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thailand, vietnam- major rice exporters
ranked the worlds 2nd and 3rd after india |
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rice agriculture
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increased productivity from irrigation
slow growth in irrigation facilities low investment in dams inifficent water user |
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plantation agriculture
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palm oil major source of incomve for farmers in SEA
indonesia and malaysia major 80% of palm oil production decline in rubber dues to low demand and prices thailand satisfies 25% of global rubber demand |
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aquaculture in SEA
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fastest growing animal food of 8.8% growth rate since the 70's
90% of global aquaculture occurs in developing countries fish farming |
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landownership and agrarian change in SEA
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forces that frive agrarian change: pop growth, penetration of commercial agriculuture, and new tchnologies
expension of more capital intensive crops for external markets increased need to fertilizers and machinery economic and social polarization in rural communities rual industrialization, non farm employment activities slowing down rural farming owner operated farms 70% of farmland sharing the land |
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urban trnasformation
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SEA is still less than 50% urbanized
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Mega city regions
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Jakarta
Manila also known as Extended Metropolitan regions EMRS core inner and outer zones or large urban area |
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primate cities
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single large urban settlements that overhsadow all others
example: a huge difference between bangkok (7.5 million) and thai's second largest city Nanthaburi (481,000) |
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overurbanization
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inability of a city to provide employment, shelter, and basic services for most of the population
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evolution of cities in SEA
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indianized spiritual authority
monopoly control over regional and maritime trade planned around european ideas of urbanism urban space divided by ethnicity |
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the SEA city
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inflow of FDI from europe, SA, China, Japan
chinese investments in Laos and cambodia growth of middle class education and job oppurtunities construction of business towers, residential districts, and transportation infastructure increasing gap between the rich and poor |
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urban policy implications
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priority to modernize which means providing jobs and services
only focusing on larger cities leaveing medium and smaller ones behind behind policies to limit migration to larger cities |
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problems in SEa cities
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poverty, of th emajority of the population
unemployment and underemployment, lack of income to provide for basic needs lack of job security |
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inequality levels in SEA cities
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gini coefficient, commonly used as a measure of inequality of income and wealth
low gini= more equal distribution high gini= gap between rich and poor (ho chi minh and bangkok) |
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housing in SEA cities
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slums: overcrowded poor or informal housing, no access to water and sanitation (used to be nice areas and were informally taken over)
squatting: accupying a abandoned area illegally 35% of SEA urban residents live in slums (laos and cambodia being the highest) slum resettlement project: often result in removal of slum residents farther away from the city center development of housing market in post socialist economies real estate development land is very expensive government owns the land long term lease the poor have no access to water, sewage, and waste removal, and electricity squatters are always in risk of fires, flooding, landslides, chemical contamination also have no access to public schooling and medical care |
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informal economic sector
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grey economy- part of economy not accounted for in official stats
reasons: unregistered population lower educational attainment of migrants high tax rates |
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the urban environment: environmental issues
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air pollution: high levels of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monixide, lead, particulate matter'
70% from motorcycles singapore is nice though hanoi most populated city in SEA water pollution: industrial waste, leaking septic tanks, direct sewage drain into water sources, solid waste dumping, agricultural run off no good drinking water |
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the state
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set of institutiona, policies, and worldwide views that constitute a government, define national territory, maintain society, engage in international relations
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authoritarian governments
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brunei- absolute monarchy
burma (myanmar)- military authoritarian (transitioning to a hybrid led civilian administration) laos and vietnam- communist malaysia and singapore- semi democracies (have electrions but restrictions on freedoms) indonesia, phillipines, thailand, and cambodia- the trent toward democratic governments |
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pre colonial social values
hinduism: |
political order meant nothing compared to universal order, absolutism and heirarchy
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buddhism:
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sense of national unity and identification.
tolerance, flexibility, lack of dogmatism deference to authority |
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islam:
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social integration through shared prayer, rituals, and festivals
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confucian philosophy
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harmony, stability, consensus, hierarchy, and authority
hierarchical administrative system; structured bureaucracy |
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mandalas
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have spiritual and ritual significance in hinduism and buddhism
symmetrical designs exhibit radial balance represents cosmos, a microcosm, of the universe |
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the concept of nation state:
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the origin of western european
introduced SEA as a result of the colonial period |
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political boundary development
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a long process of territorial definition by kingdoms, colonial powers, and independent nation states
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territoriality:
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the regulation and control strategies employed to defend the territorial state
regional stability has prevailed in post common SEA |
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territoralization
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most boundaries are shaped byt the french and british colonial powers
boundary between burma and cambodia map of thailand was designed by 19th century cartographers parts of cambidia were siezed by thailand and Vietnam |
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indonesia got its size and demographic characteristics as a result of the netherlands east indies activity
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indonesia efforts to maintain teritorial control resulted in the 1975 occupation in east timor
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ethnic conflicts and the indigenous movement
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thousands of ethnic groups of indigenous people
assimilation policies result in deterritorialization indigenous people live in upland, swidden cultivation, mineral recources |
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the shan people of burma
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thai ethnic group
religion: theravada buddhism lives: northern burma but also in thailand and laos |
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karen people of burma
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7% of the burmere population
sino-tibetan language group along the border of thailand religion:buddhism, christianity |
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the rohingya people of burma
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indo aryan group from rakhine in burma
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moro national liberation front
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MNLF
political organization found in 1969 around the islands of mindanao malay musilm groups in the core, promote religious tolerance |
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separist movement in indonesia
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policies of ethnic accomidation
commitment to self determination sultanate of aceh in the 17th century substantial oil recources |
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iran jaya (west papua)
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retained by the dutch in 1949 claimed by indonesia
250 languages spoken free papua movment established in 1965 a militant organization seeking independence from indonesia |
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state ideology
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a set of values that state uses to underwrite its own legitimacy and connect citizens to national order
in reality the contemporary nation states are composed of diverse peoples and cultures the state has to create common values and goals to unify national themes and a sense of shared territory the states transmits nationalist ideology through government campaigns and school education, and mass media |
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nationalism
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a sense of identification with the nation
the most important consequence of colonialism was nationalism |
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nationalism in SEa has created:
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indigenous religions
western education contact with social radicals such as socialists and communists |
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japanses occupation during WWII
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the empire of japan promoted cultural and economic unity of the east asian race
declared the intention to create self-sufficient "bloc of asian nations led by the japanese and free of western powers at first they were letting all asians in they they turned out to be more brutal and exploitive than european colonialism |
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landscapes of nationalist sentiment
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the historic sacred cities- reminders of the power of the state and nation culture
pagan and mandalay in burma angkor wat and the tonle sap area in cambodia malacca in malaysia ("where it all began...." slogan) |
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the capital cities as the symbols of industrialization and nationa achievement
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kuala lumpur
bangkok |
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roles of the state in SEA
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1. state policies on language and education
basic literacy:critical for industrialization proclaiming state languages in culturally diverse countries |
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burma myanmar:
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after independence in 1948 proclaiming burman the national language
viewed as internal colonialism by non-burman groups (promotion of burman clothing, customs, the buddhist religion) |
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malaysia:
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the 1961 malysian education act decreed conersion of chinese and tamil language schools into malay language schools
in 15 years non malay students admissions to universities reduced to less than 25% |
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indonesia
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more inclusive decision to adopt the ethnic malay language (bahasa indonesia) as the national language, rather than javanese (the heartland elite culture)
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singapore:
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four official languages (english, malay, madarin, tamil)
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in the phillippines:
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more inclusive decision to adopt the ethnic malay language (bahasa indonesia) as the national language rather than javanese
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complex relationship between the state and religion
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different from the western concept of the seperation of state and society
non non marxist states, religious freedom is less controlled than other forms of cultural expressions states need historic continuity provided by religions as a basis for nation building however the effort to modernize religios practices were demoted as backward results: new religious movements islamic dunamentalism cao dai (vietnam) |
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state control of the media and the press
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most countries excercise control over informtaion that states firn threatning to national ideology
the most open country is the philippines in thailand, govern license is required for mass media in malaysia political parties owen major newspapers and radio stations in burma freedom of speech is non existant in vietnam, TV and redio stations are owned by state |
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state policies on population planning
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family planning governemnt programs in thailand and indonesia (to slow population growth)
malaysia and singapore (to speed up pop growth) |
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state policies on the chinese
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over 5% of the total population on SEA are ethnic chinsese
result of long history of migration to urban centers a pattern of uneven capital accumulation in favor of the urban based chinese in thailand a strong policy of assimilation toward the chinese (adopting thai names and attending state schools) |
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indonesia chinese
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any printed material in chinses was prohibited between 1965 and 1990
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malaysia chinese:
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largest chinese minority population in the world 28% pro malay policies ignoring poor chinese groups
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phillipines chinese
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chinese could not trade with pihllipinos , chinese did not have citizenship until 1975
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vietnam chinese
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after the 1975 reunification, the businesses of ethnic chinese, the businesses of ethnic chinese as collaborators wit south vietnam were confiscated
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influential leaders:
Ho Chi Minh (he who enlightens) |
vietnamese communist and nationalist
lived in france england russia, china - studies marxism proclaimed the independence of the demographic republic of vietnam in 1945 soon became president of north vietnam considered the founder of independent vietnam close to being percived as saint |
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Pol Pot
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commie revolutionary leader in cambodia
educated in france from 1976 to 1979 served as a prime minister of demographic Kampuchea imposed agrarian socialism, exiled or eliminated the entire population of phnom penh alot of people died when he was leader his dictatorship ended when vietnam invaded cambodia in dec. 1978 |
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sukarno
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firs tpresident in independent indonesia
founded and lead the pro independence nationalistic Indonesian national party collaborated with the japanese during WWII politically grew closer to indonesian communist party aligned with china withdrew from the US military coup in 1965 ended his presidency left the country with high levels of unemployment, inflation, and corruption |
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Lee Kuan Yew
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prime minister of singapore
cambridge- educated lawyer founder of the people action party PAP a pragmantically oriented socialist part transformed singapore from a poor colonial outpost into a highly developed economy, the center of international banking and high tech in 2004 his son took over |
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aung san suu kyi
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burmese opposition leader and chair of the naitonal league for democracy in burma
daughter of the leader who led burma to independence assassinated in 1947 in 2012 elected to the parliament first women in burma to be seriousuly considered for democratic national leadership |
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international disputes in south china sea
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spratly island claims from china brunei, taiwan, vietnam, the phillippines, malaysia
reserves of oil and natural gas fishing area commercial shipping extended continental shelf |
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paracel islands
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sovereignty siputed by china, taiwan, and vetnam
currently under the administration of china productive fishereis, oil/ gas reserves |
