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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adhesion
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A state of inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain and other vital organs, often as a result of severe blood loss.
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allograft
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A graft where the donor tissue comes from another person (as opposed to an autograft where it comes from the same person).
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amygdala
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Brain region involved in processing memories and emotional reactions.
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arteries
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Blood vessels that convey blood away from the heart.
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autobiographical memory
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Memory for events or issues related to oneself.
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autograft
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A graft where the donor tissue comes from the same person (as opposed to an allograft where it comes from another person).
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blood pressure
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The pressure exerted by blood pressing on the walls of the arteries. This is frequently expressed as two numbers, systolic (higher pressure during heart contraction) and diastolic (lower pressure between heart contractions), measured in mmHg.
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bone marrow
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Tissue in the centre of some large bones that contains cells (including stem cells) which are responsible for the production of white cells, red blood cells and a variety of other cells.
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calcium ions
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Ions (symbol Ca2+) of the element calcium which are vital to many chemical reactions in the body. Crystals containing calcium ions form an important part of the structure of bones.
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cancellous
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The type of bone that is less dense (compared with compact bone) and contains struts (trabeculae) to provide strength. It is found within the widened areas inside the ends of the bones.
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capillaries
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The thinnest type of blood vessels.
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cardiovascular system
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The body system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It circulates blood throughout the body and is also known as the circulatory system.
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cartilage
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Tissue that is found at joints and during bone repair. Its structure is a bit like bone without the mineral component, giving a smooth and resilient surface to the ends of bones to aid movement at joints.
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cast
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A shell, typically made from plaster or fibreglass, which can be put around a limb in order to encase and support a broken bone until it has healed.
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closed fracture
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Any fracture where the skin has not been broken.
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collagen
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A protein that is abundant in the extracellular matrix and can form long thin fibres to provide structure to many tissues.
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compact bone
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The type of bone (sometimes called compact) that is more dense (compared with cancellous bone) and very strong. It is found in the parts of the bone that need to withstand the largest forces.
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dermis
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The skin layer that lies beneath the epidermis and provides the strength and elasticity of the skin.
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diastolic blood pressure
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The blood pressure that is detected between heart contractions (lower than the systolic blood pressure).
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disability adjusted life year (DALY)
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A measure of the real impact of a particular disease, disorder or disability on people’s lives, combining an estimate of the number of years lived with a reduced quality of life, taking into account the severity of the condition (every condition is assigned a ‘weighting factor’ to reflect this), and the number of years of life lost if the person dies prematurely, based on their age and the average life expectancy in that population.
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endothelial cells
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The flat cells that line the cardiovascular system.
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epidemiology
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The statistical study of the occurrence, distribution, potential causes and control of diseases and disability in human populations.
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epidermis
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The outer waterproof protective layer of the skin.
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extracellular matrix
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The material outside the cells in a tissue in which the cells are embedded. It is mainly made from proteins made by and arranged by the cells.
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fibrin
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An insoluble fibrous protein that forms clots following tissue damage.
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fibroblasts
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A type of cell that can migrate into wound sites and make new extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen.
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fibrosis
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The process by which collagen is produced by fibroblasts following tissue damage, often resulting in scar formation.
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force
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The size and direction of a push or pull.
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fracture
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A break in the continuity of a bone. Fractures are classified according to the extent of damage and the subsequent position of the broken pieces.
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fulcrum
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The pivot point about which a lever rotates.
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granulation tissue
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The new tissue formed as a wound repairs, containing tiny new blood vessels that give it a grainy appearance.
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greenstick fracture
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A fracture where the bone bends and only breaks on one side; commonest in children, whose bones tend to bend rather than break completely.
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hippocampus
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A brain region with an essential role in the storage and retrieval of memories.
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hypovolaemic shock
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A state of inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain and other vital organs, often as a result of severe blood loss.
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inflammation
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A protective reaction of body tissues to irritation, injury, or infection, characterised by pain, heat, redness and swelling.
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insufficiency fracture
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A fracture that occurs because the bone has been weakened through osteoporosis.
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levers
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Rigid structures (such as bones) that can move about a fulcrum in response to forces in order to transfer force from one place to another. They can modify the size of the force and the distance of motion.
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morbidity
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Disease, disorder or disability.
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mortality
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Deaths.
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mortality rate
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The number of deaths in a population, either from all causes combined or from a specific cause, expressed as a rate per 1000 (or per 10 000, or per 100 000, or per million) people in that population.
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musculoskeletal system
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The system of muscles and bones and their various joints and linkages that facilitates support and movement in the body.
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myofibrils
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The organelles found inside myofibres that run the length of the cell and cause contraction.
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myofibre
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(also known as muscle fibre) A type of cell that is responsible for contraction in skeletal muscle tissue. Myofibres are long and thin and have many nuclei.
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neuron
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A type of cell that is found within the nervous system and which is specialised to transmit and process information.
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open fracture
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Any fracture where the overlying skin is broken.
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osteoblasts
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The cells that produce new bone.
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osteoclasts
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The cells that resorb (disassemble) bone.
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osteoporosis
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A disease in which an excessive loss of bone structure occurs.
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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A condition that may develop following exposure to an extremely stressful situation, typically where a person witnesses the violent death of someone else, or believes their own life is in danger. Symptoms include disordered sleeping, a dread of situations that remind of the original event and the experiencing of flashbacks, in which the distressing scenes are remembered as if really happening again. To be classed as PTSD these symptoms must be present more than a month after the precipitating event.
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psychological trauma
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Severe psychological shock.
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regenerative medicine
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The clinical approach to tissue repair that seeks to build new tissues in a similar manner to the way in which they form naturally (rather than the way in which they repair after damage).
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repair
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(of a tissue) Tissue repair implies mending/healing of damaged tissues and some restoration of function, but not necessarily to the original state.
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Schwann cells
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The cells associated with peripheral neurons that wrap themselves around the axons.
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skeletal muscle
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The type of muscle tissue that is responsible for moving parts of the musculoskeletal system.
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splint
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Immobilisation of a broken bone using something rigid.
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stem cells
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Cells that can divide to produce daughter cells, which can then differentiate to become any of a range of different cell types.
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sweat glands
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Ducts lined with epithelial cells that originate in the dermis and release sweat onto the surface of the skin.
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systolic
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The blood pressure that is detected during heart contractions, which is higher than the diastolic pressure. (See also diastolic blood pressure.)
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tendons
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The tissues that attach muscles to bones.
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tissue
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A group of specialised cells that work together to fulfil a specific function in the body, e.g. muscle tissue, epithelial tissue.
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tissue engineering
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Building replacement tissues to aid repair following damage.
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trauma
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Any physical injury or severe psychological shock.
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ligaments
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Tissues that are like tendons in terms of structure but connect bones to each other (rather than bones to muscles).
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traumatic injury
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Injury causing physical damage to the body.
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scar
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The tissue that forms following healing, which is not the same in structure as the original tissue.
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veins
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Blood vessels that convey blood towards the heart.
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venous return
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The flow of blood back to the heart in the veins.
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