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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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theoretical
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testing ideas people have about the universe
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empirical
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based on observations or measures of reality
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nomotheic
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laws or rules that apply to the general case
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probabilistic
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what the majority of social research is based upon - probabilities
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causal
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the study of cause-effect relationships
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descriptive
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a study design to describe what is happening or what exists
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relational
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a study designed to show the relationship between two or more variables
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causal
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a study designed to find out if one variable affects another
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cross-sectional
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a study that occurs at a point in time
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longitudinal
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a study that takes place over time
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repeated measures
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a type of longitudinal study - a few waves of measurement
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time series
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a type of longitudinal study - MANY waves of measurement
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correlational relationship
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two variables are syncronized
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causal relationship
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one variable CAUSES another variable
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third variable problem
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when a variable causes two correlating variables
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no relationship
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when variables neither correlate with or cause each other
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positive relationship
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direct function x=y
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negative relationship
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Inverse function x=1/y
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variable
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an entity that can take on different values
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attribute
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possible types for a variable - like a domain e.g. within humans=male, female
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independent variable
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the variable which you control to change
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dependent variable
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the one changed by the independent variable
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exhaustive
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each variable should include all possible responses
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mutually exclusive
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no attributes should overlap
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alternative hypothesis
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the one you support
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null hypothesis
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the hypothesis that describes the remaining possible outcomes
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one-tailed hypothesis
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if your H specifies direction
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two-tailed hypothesis
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specifies change but no direction
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hypothetical-deductive model
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the name for the testing model of alternative and null hypotheses
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qualitative data
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not numerical data
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quantitative data
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Numerical data
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Unit of Analysis
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the entity that you are studying
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hierarchical modeling
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e.g. students grades are put in the context of their ages
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ecological fallacy
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assuming about the individual based upon general research
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exception fallacy
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generalizing based upon the individual
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Sampling Model
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Provides evidence for generalization by drawing a random sample from your population and testing it.
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Proximal Similarity Model
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Provides evidence for generalization by comparing the similarity of samples to your population.
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population
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The group of people/things you want to understand
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theoretical population
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the total population ... even those you can't access
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actual population
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the group you can test
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response
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A specific measurement value
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statistic
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the compilation of responses across the sample
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parameter
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a mean, median, etc
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sampling distribution
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the distribution of an infinite number of samples
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standard error
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the spread of averages around the average of averages in the sampling distribution
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standard deviation
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the spread of scores around one sample
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sampling error
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the standard error in a sample - gives us an idea of our precision
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