Scnm Board Review - Reproductive System

Front 1

The ovaries are suspended in a ligament by an attachment called the mesovarium. What ligament?

Back 1

Broad ligament. It is formed by the fusion of the paramesonephric ducts around 8 weeks. It also connects the uterus and fallopian tubes to the pelvic side wall. It is very BROAD if you look at the picture of it.

Front 2

Define the following (including amount of chromosomes and DNA):
Oogonia
Primary Oocyte
Secondary Oocyte
Mature Oocyte

Back 2

Oogonia (46, 2N): These are formed once primordial germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridge around week 4.

Primary Oocyte (46, 4N): Once in the ovary, oogonia enter Meiosis I, become primary oocytes and remain in prophase until puberty

Secondary Oocyte (23,2N): During the ovarian cycle, a primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form 2 daugter cells, the secondary oocyte and the first polar body, which degenerates. This secondary oocyte begins meisos II but is arrested in metaphase of meisos II until fertilization.

Mature Oocyte (23, 1N): This is only formed if fertilization occurs

So, the PRIMARY Ooctyte is PRIMARILY the type of cell in the ovaries (the OOGONia is Oh sO GONe). One secondary is formed during ovulation, and a mature is only formed after fertilization.

Front 3

What does the gubernaculum become in the female? In the male?

Back 3

Female: Round + Ovarian ligaments
The ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the uterus.

Male: Gubernaculum testis

Front 4

What ligament begins at the uterine fundus, continues through the inguinal canal and attaches to the labia majora?

Back 4

Round ligament

Front 5

What defines the following stages of a follicle?
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Graafian follicle

Back 5

Primordial: This is the very beginning stage of primary oocyte development where a layer of flattened follicular cells surround the primary oocyte.

Primary: As the primary oocyte grows, the surrounding follicular cells become cuboidal in shape. Then it gains more layers (which are now called granulosa cells) a theca interna (vascularized cellular layer) and theca externa (fibrous, connective tissue). The zona pellucida also appears, separating the oocyte from the surrounding follicular cells.

Secondary follicle: Same as primary except an antrum, cumulus oophorus and corona radiata develops. Also, the growth now is FSH dependent.

Graafian: This is much bigger and is the one that will release the oocyte during ovulation.

Graafian follicle:

Front 6

In females, what produces most of the estrogens and progesterone?

Back 6

The granulosa cells of the ovary, the corpus luteum and the placenta.

Front 7

What is the corpus luteum? What happens to it if fertilization occurs?

Back 7

A temporary endocrine gland that's created from the remainder of the collapsed graafian follicle.

If fertilization occurs, it receives hCG from the placenta that provides positive feedback for it to continue production of progesterone until about the 4th month when the placenta can take over.

Front 8

Compare the actions of FSH and LH.

Back 8

They both are released by basophils of the anterior pituitary gland. The release of both is stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus.

FSH: Stimulates secretion of estrogen and development of ovarian follicles (from secondary follicle onward). It is inhibited by Inhibin, a hormone released by the granulosa cells and the corpus luteum.

LH: Stimulates formation of estrogen and progesterone; promotes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. It's inhibited by progesterone.

Front 9

Match up these terms that have to do with the menstrual cycle and define when they occur:
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Luteal phase
Follicular phase

Back 9

The proliferative phase = follicular phase and occurs from around day 4 to up to about day 14 (though this can vary). The secretory phase = luteal phase and is almost always 14 days long, usually starting around day 14.

Front 10

Where does fertilization occur?

Back 10

In the ampulla of the oviduct.

Front 11

What is the acrosome reaction?

Back 11

The reaction that results in the release of acrosomal enzymes into the zona pellucida allowing them to digest it.

Front 12

Where does implantation generally occur?

Back 12

Usually posterior; in the superior 1/3

Front 13

What is it called when the blastocyst implants lower in the uterus and as the placenta enlarges it covers part or all of the opening of the cervix?

Back 13

Placenta previa - usually requires c-section delivery

Front 14

Give approximate timelines for each of the following stages following fertilization.

Zygote
2-cell morula
8-cell morula
Blastocyst

Back 14

Zygote = upon fertilization
2-cell morula = 30 hours
8-cell morula = 3 days
Blastocyst = 4-6 days (implantation occurs on 6th or 7th day)

Front 15

What is a corpus albicans?

Back 15

It's what the corpus luteum becomes if fertilization does not occur.

Front 16

What type of cell lines the endometrium of the uterus?

Back 16

Simple columnar (remember that these cells secrete, so normally secreting cells are columnar).

Front 17

What is the rectovesicular pouch? Is it found on males, females or both?

Back 17

The rectovesicular pouch is a reflection of the peritoneum between the rectum and the bladder. It can only be found in males because females have the uterus sitting between the rectum and the bladder. This means that females have two pouches created by reflections of peritoneum draped over the pelvic viscera: the rectouterine and vesicouterine pouches.

Front 18

Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels?

Back 18

The suspensory ligament

Front 19

What are other names for the fallopian tubes?

Back 19

Uterine tubes; Oviducts; Salpingos

Front 20

What are the 4 differences between a male and female pelvis?

Back 20

There are four major differences between the male and female pelvis. First, the subpubic angle and pubic arch are greater in the female pelvis than in the male pelvis. A second difference between the female and male pelvis is that the pelvic inlet for females is rounded, while for males it is heart shaped. Third, the pelvic outlet for females is larger than in males. Finally, the female pelvis has iliac wings that are more flared than in males.

Front 21

What's the female equivalent to the scrotum?

Back 21

Labia majus

Front 22

What's the female equivalent to Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands? What do they do and where are they located?

Back 22

Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands

Like the bulbourethral glands in men, these glands produce secretion during sexual arousal. They are located in the superficial perineal pouch in women. The Cowper's glands in men are located in the deep perineal pouch.

Think of BART Simpson saying "Don't have a COW man!"

Front 23

What are the 3 layers that make up the uterus?

Back 23

Endometrium (made up of the functionalis that is sloughed at menstruation and the basalis that regenerates the functionalis)

Myometrium (made up of 3 layers: longitudinal muscle makes up inner and outer; the richly vascularized middle layer is circular)

Serosa/Adventitia - the anterior is covered with adventitia (connective tissue without an epithelial covering) because it's retroperitoneal. The fundus and posterior portion are covered with serosa since they're intraperitoneal

Front 24

What are the 4 layers that make up the ovaries?

Back 24

Surface epithelium called germinal epithelum; below that is the tunica albuginea that's made up of collagen fibers; the cortex and medulla

Front 25

What does prolactin and oxytocin do?

Back 25

PROlactin: PROduction of milk

Oxytocin: Ejection of milk, stimulates uterine contractions during delivery

Front 26

Define the following and give the number of chromosomes and DNA for each:

Primordial germ cell
Type A Spermatogonia
Type B Spermatogonia
Primary Spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoan

Back 26

Primordial germ cell (46, 2N): migrates from the yolk sac to the testes around week 4. Remain dormant until puberty

Type A Spermatogonia (46, 2N): At puberty, primordial germ cells differentiate into these. They will continue to undergo mitosis to provide stem cells; some will differentiate into Type B's.

Type B Spermatogonia (46, 2N): These are the ones that will become sperm; they enter meisos I to form primary spermatocytes.

Primary Spermatocytes (46, 4N): These complete meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes.

Secondary Spermatocytes (23, 2N): These complete meisos II to form 4 spermatids.

Spermatids (23, 1N): These are sperm without the head, neck and tail or acrosome. They also haven't had condensation of their nucleus yet.

SpermatoZoan (23, 1N): These Zoom out of cell, but they need to go through capacitation before they're capable of fertilization. This occurs in the female reproductive tract.

Front 27

Fill in the blanks:
In males, FSH stimulates ____ cells to make ____; and LH stimulates _____ cells to make _______.

Back 27

FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to make Sperm; and LH stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone.

Front 28

What do Sertoli cells produce to maintain levels of testosterone?

Back 28

Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP) - this binds to testosterone in the seminiferous tubule and prevents it from leaving

They also produce inhibin which inhibits the release of FSH

Front 29

Fill in the blanks:
In females, FSH stimulates ____ cells to make ____; and LH stimulates _____ cells to make _______.

Back 29

FSH stimulates granulosa cells to make estrogen; and LH stimulates theca cells to make androstenendione (precursor that granulosa cell needs to make estrogen). LH also stimulates the granulosa cells to produce progesterone in the luteal phase.

Front 30

What sex chromosome disorder is XXY and what does it cause?

Back 30

Klinefelter's syndrome

Testicular atrophy, tall, long extremeties, gynecomastia

Front 31

What sex chromosome disorder is XO and what does it cause?

Back 31

Short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, webbed neck, most common cause of primary amenorrhea.

Remember: "hugs and kisses (XO) from Tina TURNER

Front 32

Where in the cervix is acute cervicitis usually located? What are the usual causative agents?

Back 32

In the transformation zone

Chlamydia trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida, HSV-2, HPV

Front 33

What's the definition of endometriosis? What age group? What is the most common site and the most common symptoms?

Back 33

Functioning glands and stroma are located outside the uterus.

25-29 years old

Ovaries are most common site, dysmenorrhea and abnormal bleeding are the most common symptoms

Front 34

Who is at most risk for endometritis? What are common pathogens?

Back 34

Women who just delivered (either c-section or vaginal).
Group B strep is common pathogen, also group A strep, Staph aureus, etc

Front 35

What is the most common cause of female infertility and ectopic pregnancy?

Back 35

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Front 36

What are the findings for PID? What is the most common cause?

Back 36

Fallopian tubes are filled with pus
Fever usually > 101 F
Lower abdominal pain and tenderness
Mucopurulent discharge in cervical os

Most common cause is N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis

Front 37

What's the most common fungal infection to cause vaginitis? What's the most common protozoan parasite to cause vaginitis?

Back 37

Candida albicans

Trichomonas vaginalis

Front 38

What is the most common x-linked disorder which is also the most common mendelian disorder that causes mental retardation?

Back 38

Fragile-X syndrome

It's a trinucleotide repeat disorder

Besides mental retardation it causes long face, large mandible, macro-orchidism at puberty

Front 39

Why are varicoceles usually in the left scrotum?

Back 39

Left spermatic vein drains into the left renal vein whereas the right spermatic drains directly into the IVC. There's more of a likelihood that the left will see more resistance to blood flow.

Front 40

What should always be ruled out when a post-menopausal woman starts bleeding?

Back 40

Endometrial carcinoma - usually it's adenocarcinoma - the most common invasive cancer in women. Most common age is 55 - 65.

Front 41

What is a cystocele? What causes it?

Back 41

It occurs when the wall between a woman’s bladder and her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the vagina. Can be caused by giving birth or other strain.

Front 42

What hormone converts androstenedione to estrone?

Back 42

P450aromatase

Front 43

What surrounds the urethra in a male?

Back 43

Corpus spongiosum

The "sponge" cushions the urethra

Front 44

What gets engorged with blood during an erection? Where is it located?

Back 44

Corpa cavernosum - there are 2 of these in the ventral side of the penis

Think of a big "cave" man with an erection

Front 45

What's another name for Growth Hormone? What inhibits it? What stimulates it?

Back 45

Growth Hormone = Somatotropin

Inhibited by Somatostatin from hypothalamus

Stimulated by GHRH from hypothalamus

Front 46

Name the phases of the menstrual cycle and when they occur.

Back 46

Days 1-4: Menstrual
Days 5-14: Proliferative (follicular)
Days 14-28: Secretory (luteal)

Remember: after ovulation, the corpus LUTEUM is SECRETING progesterone

Front 47

What type of epithelium lines the vagina?

Back 47

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 48

What type of epithelium lines the epididymis and vas deferens?

Back 48

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

Front 49

What is the major somatic nerve of the perineum?

Back 49

Pudendal nerve. It originates from the sacral plexus and carries fibers from S2 to S4. It provides both motor and sensory.

Front 50

What do the seminiferous tubules do?

Back 50

They are the "sperm nursery". There are about 1000 of them in the 2 testes and they house the Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia through spermatozoa.

Front 51

Where are the Leydig cells located?

Back 51

They surround the seminiferous tubules, embedded in the tunica vasculosa.

Front 52

What is the path a spermatozoon will take starting from the seminiferous tubule? What is the epithelium lining each part?

Back 52

Intratesticular ducts:
Tubuli recti - Sertoli cells and simple cuboidal
Rete testis - simple cuboidal
Ductuli efferentes - cuboidal and ciliated columnar

Extratesticular ducts:
Epididymis - pseudostratified epithelium w/ stereocilia
Vas deferens - pseudostratified columnar w/ stereocilia
Ejaculatory duct - simple columnar

Front 53

What are the seminal vesicles and what type of epithelium lines them?

Back 53

The paired seminal vesicles, located adjacent to the posterior wall of the prostate gland, secrete a viscous, fructose-rich fluid that constitutes about 70% of the ejaculate.

The are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Front 54

Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory gland?
a. Prostate
b. Bulbourethral gland
c. Seminal vesicles
d. Ductus deferens
e. None of the above

Back 54

d

Front 55

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the vas deferens?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5

Back 55

Answer: c

There are three layers of smooth muscle in the vas deferens. There is an inner longitudinal, a middle circular, and an outer longitudinal.