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66 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Held and McGrew 2007 |
Globalisation is the 'widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness'. It involves deterritorialisation |
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United Nations Development Programme 1999 |
Globalisation has caused a huge growth in the following crimes: 1. Dealing in drugs 2. Illegal weapon trafficking 3. Illegal human trafficking 4. Corruption 5. Violent crimes and terrorism 6. War crimes |
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Audit Commission 2002 |
Half of all recorded crime in England and Wales is drug related |
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Taylor |
Globalisation has increased crime via: 1. The ability to move finance worldwide with few restrictions (market deregulation) 2. International transport and effective communication has allowed companies to move production to less regulated countries, increasing unemployment and social disorder in the West |
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Taylor |
Globalisation has increased crime via: 1. The ability to move finance worldwide with few restrictions (market deregulation) 2. International transport and effective communication has allowed companies to move production to less regulated countries, increasing unemployment and social disorder in the West |
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Hobbs and Dunningham 98 |
Suggests global criminal networks work with in local contexts - 'glocal'. There is a rise in entrepreneurial, opportunistic crime (eg Merton's innovator), and criminal organisation is effected by the cultural/political/economic circumstances of localities |
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Taylor |
Globalisation has increased crime via: 1. The ability to move finance worldwide with few restrictions (market deregulation) 2. International transport and effective communication has allowed companies to move production to less regulated countries, increasing unemployment and social disorder in the West |
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Hobbs and Dunningham 98 |
Suggests global criminal networks work with in local contexts - 'glocal'. There is a rise in entrepreneurial, opportunistic crime (eg Merton's innovator), and criminal organisation is effected by the cultural/political/economic circumstances of localities |
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Misha Glenny 2008 |
-Used the term McMafia to describe how transnational crime mirrors the activity of leal TNCs- they're self interested, economically driven, homogenous and vast. -he specifically looked at the organisations springing in in Russia after the fall of communism & market deregulation |
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Hobbs and Dunningham 98 |
Suggests global criminal networks work with in local contexts - 'glocal'. There is a rise in entrepreneurial, opportunistic crime (eg Merton's innovator), and criminal organisation is effected by the cultural/political/economic circumstances of localities -they studied the drug trade |
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6 ways globalisation has affected crime |
1. Disorganised capitalism 2. Growing inequality 3. Supply and demand 4. More opportunities for crime (new types, means and reduced chances of getting caught) 5. Cultural globalisation and ideology of consumerism 6. Growing individualisation 7. Global risk society |
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Young |
A bulimic society encourages turning to crime, as relative deprivation intensifies. More societies become this way with the spread of consumerism and cultural homogenisation |
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Young |
A bulimic society encourages turning to crime, as relative deprivation intensifies. More societies become this way with the spread of consumerism and cultural homogenisation |
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Bauman 2000 |
In late modernity, individualisation increases and improving ones situation becomes the concern of the person alone, with less welfare backing. TAYLOR suggests individuals are left alone to make own choices and achieving society's goals |
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Lash and Urry 1987 |
Globalisation accompanied by fewer regulations and less state control over finance. TNCs can take advantage of this, moving work to less well regulate countries (Taylor adds this can cause fewer jobs in other countries, decreasing social cohesion and increasing crime) |
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Supply and demand |
1. Demand to move to West from LEDCs as media makes them believe it is better there, paired with tougher immigration laws = market in human trafficking 2. Demand in West for sex, drugs and organs created illegal market |
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Box 1983 |
Multinationals dump waste in undeveloped countries as they don't have the resources to control large companies, and officials make take bribes |
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Box 1983 |
Multinationals dump waste in undeveloped countries as they don't have the resources to control large companies, and officials make take bribes |
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Michalowski and Kramer 1987 |
modern TNCs can practice law evasion by careful placement of parts of their business (eg selling deemed unsafe pharmaceuticals to poorer countries) |
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Box 1983 |
Multinationals dump waste in undeveloped countries as they don't have the resources to control large companies, and officials make take bribes |
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Michalowski and Kramer 1987 |
modern TNCs can practice law evasion by careful placement of parts of their business (eg selling deemed unsafe pharmaceuticals to poorer countries) |
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Castells |
Globalisation has increased the types of crime and created transnational networks of organised crime. Money laundering is the 'matrix of global crime' |
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Raymond 2002 |
Human trafficking worth 5-7 billions dollars a year, with 4 million people moved |
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Green and Ward 2004 |
State crimes are 'illegal activities carried out by agents of the state such as the armed service, secret services, civil servants, police and prison services on behalf of the government and political leaders in the name of state interests' |
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Problems in defining state and human crimes |
1. What crime is is an ideological construct as the govt determined what is/isn't criminal based on context, not action. This showcases ideological relativity, eg the holocaust seen as a war crime but atomic bombings in Japan seen as necessary |
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Problems in defining state and human crimes |
1. What crime is is an ideological construct as the govt determined what is/isn't criminal based on context, not action. This showcases ideological relativity, eg the holocaust seen as a war crime but atomic bombings in Japan seen as necessary |
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Schwedinger and Schwedinger 1975 |
Suggests state crimes should be considered as violations of human rights, committed on behalf of or with complicity of state agencies. This is part of 'transgressive criminology' |
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Problems in defining state and human crimes |
1. What crime is is an ideological construct as the govt determined what is/isn't criminal based on context, not action. This showcases ideological relativity, eg the holocaust seen as a war crime but atomic bombings in Japan seen as necessary |
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Schwedinger and Schwedinger 1975 |
Suggests state crimes should be considered as violations of human rights, committed on behalf of or with complicity of state agencies. This is part of 'transgressive criminology' |
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McLaughlin |
Continues with transgressive criminology believing it too should include censorship of the media and institutional racism. Some groups are denied opportunities based on racism/sexism/homophobia and this is a human rights violation |
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Cohen |
Critic of the Schwedingers as he believes: -immortality and criminality are being confused -there isn't enough agreement over what constitutes the human rights -this is value laden sociology |
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Cohen |
Critic of the Schwedingers as he believes: -immortality and criminality are being confused -there isn't enough agreement over what constitutes the human rights -this is value laden sociology |
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3 examples of state crime |
1. Government sponsored genocide in Darfur, Sudan, to stop uprisings 2. Pol Pot lead regime in Cambodia 1975-9, with 1.5m dying of starvation, forced labour, executions etc 3. USA state sponsored terrorism in Central and South America |
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3 examples of state crime |
1. Government sponsored genocide in Darfur, Sudan, to stop uprisings 2. Pol Pot lead regime in Cambodia 1975-9, with 1.5m dying of starvation, forced labour, executions etc 3. USA state sponsored terrorism in Central and South America 4. Israeli attacks of Palestinian civilians |
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Green and award 2012 |
State crime arises from similar circumstances to other crime, requiring a motivated offender, an opportunity and failures of control (like FELSON's routine activity theory) |
1. M |
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Green and award 2012 |
State crime arises from similar circumstances to other crime, requiring a motivated offender, an opportunity and failures of control (like FELSON's routine activity theory) |
1. M |
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Kelman and Hamilton |
Crimes of obedience, created in 3 ways: 1. Authorisation (making it clear individuals are acting within official policy) 2. Dehumanisation (which normalises mistreatment of minorities) 3. Routinisation (makes acts carried out in detached way so perpetrator doesn't question them morally, and often integrates them in their day with other, ordinary activities) |
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Green and Ward 2012 |
INTEGRATION THEORY- State crime arises from similar circumstances to other crime, requiring a motivated offender, an opportunity and failures of control (like FELSON's routine activity theory) |
1. M |
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Green and Ward 2012 |
INTEGRATION THEORY- State crime arises from similar circumstances to other crime, requiring a motivated offender, an opportunity and failures of control (like FELSON's routine activity theory) |
1. M |
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Chambliss |
State crime often result of strain (eg CIA tortures, kidnapping etc took place when govt felt under huge pressure to guard against the threat of communism) |
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Green and Ward 2012 |
INTEGRATION THEORY- State crime arises from similar circumstances to other crime, requiring a motivated offender, an opportunity and failures of control (like FELSON's routine activity theory) |
1. M |
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Chambliss |
State crime often result of strain (eg CIA tortures, kidnapping etc took place when govt felt under huge pressure to guard against the threat of communism) |
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Cohen 2001 |
Applied Matza's techniques of neutralisation to state crime. Those who act on behalf of the govt don't see themselves as criminal by: 1. Denying victims 2. Denying injury 3. Denying responsibility |
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Green and Ward 2012 |
INTEGRATION THEORY- State crime arises from similar circumstances to other crime, requiring a motivated offender, an opportunity and failures of control (like FELSON's routine activity theory) |
1. M |
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Chambliss |
State crime often result of strain (eg CIA tortures, kidnapping etc took place when govt felt under huge pressure to guard against the threat of communism) |
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Cohen 2001 |
Applied Matza's techniques of neutralisation to state crime. Those who act on behalf of the govt don't see themselves as criminal by: 1. Denying victims 2. Denying injury 3. Denying responsibility |
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Milgram |
White coat experiment - electric shock. Supports Cohen's belief state crime enactors deny responsibility |
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Tombs and Whyte 2003 |
1. Researchers face strong official resistance when trying to research state crime. Some may face imprisonment and even death for being 'enemies of the state'. 2. Studied sociology articles and found research to be increasingly policy oriented, with documents being made hard to access by outsider sociologists, and conclusions made hard to distribute |
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Rob White |
Criminology should include any actions which causes harm to the environment or individuals within it, regardless of whether a law has been broken - environment justice approach (part of transgressive criminology) |
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Situ and Emmons 1999 |
1. Situ and Emmons 98, any action that breaks national or international law |
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Situ and Emmons 1999 |
1. Situ and Emmons 98, any action that breaks national or international law |
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Wolf 2011 |
Law breaking definition of environmental crime problematic as laws differ between countries |
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2 ways green crime is linked to globalisation |
1. Interconnectedness of whole planet and species within it 2. ECs mainly carried out by TNCs with cooperation of national States and local wealthy elites |
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Beck |
Many threats to our environment come from manufactured risks, which are less well know in effect and are more massive. Societies are threatened now by global risks |
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Beck |
Many threats to our environment come from manufactured risks, which are less well know in effect and are more massive. Societies are threatened now by global risks |
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Rob white |
-Radical/transgressive criminologist -current laws inconsistent and biased due to vested interests -green crimes should be 'any action that harms the physical environment and any creatures that live within it, even if no law has technically been broken' |
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Beck |
Many threats to our environment come from manufactured risks, which are less well know in effect and are more massive. Societies are threatened now by global risks |
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Rob white |
-Radical/transgressive criminologist -current laws inconsistent and biased due to vested interests -green crimes should be 'any action that harms the physical environment and any creatures that live within it, even if no law has technically been broken' |
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Nigel South 2008 |
Classifies green crimes into 2 groups 1. Primary - often legal but directly causes environmental degradation (eg air pollution, water pollution) 2. Secondary - result of law breaking (eg breaches of health and safety in Bhopal causing gas leak and deaths of 20,000) |
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Beck |
Many threats to our environment come from manufactured risks, which are less well know in effect and are more massive. Societies are threatened now by global risks |
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Rob white |
-Radical/transgressive criminologist -current laws inconsistent and biased due to vested interests -green crimes should be 'any action that harms the physical environment and any creatures that live within it, even if no law has technically been broken' |
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Nigel South 2008 |
Classifies green crimes into 2 groups 1. Primary - often legal but directly causes environmental degradation (eg air pollution, water pollution) 2. Secondary - result of law breaking (eg breaches of health and safety in Bhopal causing gas leak and deaths of 20,000) |
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Beckwith 2004 |
24,000 people die prematurely each year due to air pollution |
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White - explaining green crimes |
1. Ecocentric approach - argues damage to the environment damages humans and other species 2. Anthropocentric approach - belief humans have the right to exploit their environment and species. White believes Capitalist ideology is responsible for a great deal of environmental hamr |
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Pearce |
Green crimes example of crimes of the powerful, and displaces true nature of Gordon's criminogenic capitalism |
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2 strengths & 2 weaknesses of studying green crime |
1. Recognises growing importance of environmental issues and manufactured risks 2. Recognises interdependence of humans/environment/other species 3. Focuses on harm which is subjective 4. Difficulty operationalising concepts |
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