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120 Cards in this Set

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Socialisation

Lifelong process by which people learn the culture of the society in which they live, carried out by agencies of socialisation eg family media etc

Culture

Language beliefs values norms customs dress diet roles knowledge and skills which make way of life of any society, pass on from gen to gen

Identity

How we see and define ourselves, our personalities and how others see and define us eg gender race

Roles

Patterns of behaviour which people expect from people in different positions in society

Role models

Behaviour we consciously or unconsciously copy

Role conflict

Where successful performance of two or more roles may come into conflict with each other

Values

General beliefs about what is right or wrong and about the important standards which are worth maintaining and achieving in society or a social group

Norms

Social rules which define the correct and acceptable behaviour in a society or social group to which individuals are expected to conform usually enforced by disapproval of others

Customs

Norms which have lasted a long time and have become part of a society's traditions many are connected to celebrations : learned and passed on through socialisation

Social control

Term used to describe various methods used to persuade or force Indiv to conform to social norms and values of society

Social control

Term used to describe various methods used to persuade or force Indiv to conform to social norms and values of society

Sanctions

Rewards and punishments by which social control and conformity to values is achieved

Social control

Term used to describe various methods used to persuade or force Indiv to conform to social norms and values of society

Sanctions

Rewards and punishments by which social control and conformity to values is achieved

Social class

Generally linked with uneven distribution of resources and life chances in industrialised society's ( group of people sharing similar economic sit)

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Upper class

Small class includes main owners of society's including industrialists provide employment for others

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Upper class

Small class includes main owners of society's including industrialists provide employment for others

Underclass

Small class refers to thise who are at bottom of class structure whose poverty often exclues them from full participation in society

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Upper class

Small class includes main owners of society's including industrialists provide employment for others

Underclass

Small class refers to thise who are at bottom of class structure whose poverty often exclues them from full participation in society

Ascribed status

Given by birth or family background

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Upper class

Small class includes main owners of society's including industrialists provide employment for others

Underclass

Small class refers to thise who are at bottom of class structure whose poverty often exclues them from full participation in society

Ascribed status

Given by birth or family background

Achieved status

Status that is achieved by Indiv own efforts or talents

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Upper class

Small class includes main owners of society's including industrialists provide employment for others

Underclass

Small class refers to thise who are at bottom of class structure whose poverty often exclues them from full participation in society

Ascribed status

Given by birth or family background

Achieved status

Status that is achieved by Indiv own efforts or talents

Ethnicitt

Shared culture of a social group which gives its members a common identity that is diff from other social groups

Life chances

Chances of an Indiv obtaining things such as good quality housing a long and healthy life etc

Social mobility

Movement of groups or Indiv up or down social class higher archy from one social class to another

Working class

One of largest social classes, refers to those that work in manual jobs divided into 3 sections

Middle class

Large class refers to those in non manual jobs, that don't involve physical jobs.sec in this also

Upper class

Small class includes main owners of society's including industrialists provide employment for others

Underclass

Small class refers to thise who are at bottom of class structure whose poverty often exclues them from full participation in society

Ascribed status

Given by birth or family background

Achieved status

Status that is achieved by Indiv own efforts or talents

Ethnicitt

Shared culture of a social group which gives its members a common identity that is diff from other social groups

Minority ethnic group

Social group which shares a cultural identity diff from that of maj population

Gender

Cultural created differences between men and women which are learnt through socialisation rather than biological diff

Age stratification

Old and young are more likely to be poor in many societies

STRUCTURALISM

MACRO APPROACH = focuses on social structures as a whole



&


Overall structure of society


Way in which soc inst constrain limit Individual behaviour



HAVE FOLLOWING FEAUTURES:



1.behaviour and identities are seen as a result of social forces and are shaped by socialisation


2.main purpose of sociology=study overall structure of society social inst relationships between inst

FUNCTIONALISM (consensus structuralism)

See society based on value consensus : society is held together by a shared culture



By which all its members are socialised into, allows society to agree on goals etc



SEE SOCIETY AS BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM - HUMAN BOD



depend on each other eg family produces population and primary socialisation

Marxism

disagree w functionalist view


See society as based on CLASS CONFLICT


argue soc divided into 2 classes



1.MINORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


BOURGOUISE - own means of production raw materials land



2.MAJORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


PROLETARIAT own their own labour only



•soc inst try to maintain capatilism by promoting inequality is inevitable



•religion acts as opium of people >persuades people to accept pos as natural>promise of reward =heaven



•law protects interests of owning classes



FALSE CLASS CONCIOUSNESS


LACK OF AWARENESS OF TBEIR OWN INTERESTS

Marxism

disagree w functionalist view


See society as based on CLASS CONFLICT


argue soc divided into 2 classes



1.MINORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


BOURGOUISE - own means of production raw materials land



2.MAJORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


PROLETARIAT own their own labour only



•soc inst try to maintain capatilism by promoting inequality is inevitable



•religion acts as opium of people >persuades people to accept pos as natural>promise of reward =heaven



•law protects interests of owning classes



FALSE CLASS CONCIOUSNESS


LACK OF AWARENESS OF TBEIR OWN INTERESTS

SOCIAL ACTION /INTERPRETIVST THEORIES

Indiv behaviour in social sit=MICRO approach = sociology s of meaning



: Study interpret meanings and def Indiv give to their behaviour and how people come to see interpret things as they do



SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES ARE SEEN AS THE CREATION OF INDIV AND EMPHASIS IS OLACED ON FREE WILL OF OEOPLE TO DO THINGD AND FORM THEIR IDENTITIES



people's behaviour seen as being driven by meanings they give to situations the way they see situations determines these behaviour



Eg baby crying:interpret : hungry / tired / resultant action taken depends on how parent defines situation



Understand behaviour : understand meaning parent attaches to baby crying


SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM


social action perspective


Concerned:understanding human behaviour in face to face sit and how Indiv become defined of classified in particular ways =labelling


Also seeks to describe and explain consequences of labelling eg student labelled as deviant and what effects it has on future

Marxism

disagree w functionalist view


See society as based on CLASS CONFLICT


argue soc divided into 2 classes



1.MINORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


BOURGOUISE - own means of production raw materials land



2.MAJORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


PROLETARIAT own their own labour only



•soc inst try to maintain capatilism by promoting inequality is inevitable



•religion acts as opium of people >persuades people to accept pos as natural>promise of reward =heaven



•law protects interests of owning classes



FALSE CLASS CONCIOUSNESS


LACK OF AWARENESS OF TBEIR OWN INTERESTS

SOCIAL ACTION /INTERPRETIVST THEORIES

Indiv behaviour in social sit=MICRO approach = sociology s of meaning



: Study interpret meanings and def Indiv give to their behaviour and how people come to see interpret things as they do



SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES ARE SEEN AS THE CREATION OF INDIV AND EMPHASIS IS OLACED ON FREE WILL OF OEOPLE TO DO THINGD AND FORM THEIR IDENTITIES



people's behaviour seen as being driven by meanings they give to situations the way they see situations determines these behaviour



Eg baby crying:interpret : hungry / tired / resultant action taken depends on how parent defines situation



Understand behaviour : understand meaning parent attaches to baby crying


SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM


social action perspective


Concerned:understanding human behaviour in face to face sit and how Indiv become defined of classified in particular ways =labelling


Also seeks to describe and explain consequences of labelling eg student labelled as deviant and what effects it has on future

STRUCTUATION

In real life society is probably best understood using a mixture of both structural and action approaches



INDIVIDUALS ARE INFLUENCED AND CONTROLLED BUT CAN MAKE CHOICES


EG EDUCATION SYSTEM : can make choices ( limited ) eg to what school child goes to



Anthony giddens

Marxism

disagree w functionalist view


See society as based on CLASS CONFLICT


argue soc divided into 2 classes



1.MINORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


BOURGOUISE - own means of production raw materials land



2.MAJORITY CAPATILIST CLASS


PROLETARIAT own their own labour only



•soc inst try to maintain capatilism by promoting inequality is inevitable



•religion acts as opium of people >persuades people to accept pos as natural>promise of reward =heaven



•law protects interests of owning classes



FALSE CLASS CONCIOUSNESS


LACK OF AWARENESS OF TBEIR OWN INTERESTS

SOCIAL ACTION /INTERPRETIVST THEORIES

Indiv behaviour in social sit=MICRO approach = sociology s of meaning



: Study interpret meanings and def Indiv give to their behaviour and how people come to see interpret things as they do



SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES ARE SEEN AS THE CREATION OF INDIV AND EMPHASIS IS OLACED ON FREE WILL OF OEOPLE TO DO THINGD AND FORM THEIR IDENTITIES



people's behaviour seen as being driven by meanings they give to situations the way they see situations determines these behaviour



Eg baby crying:interpret : hungry / tired / resultant action taken depends on how parent defines situation



Understand behaviour : understand meaning parent attaches to baby crying


SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM


social action perspective


Concerned:understanding human behaviour in face to face sit and how Indiv become defined of classified in particular ways =labelling


Also seeks to describe and explain consequences of labelling eg student labelled as deviant and what effects it has on future

STRUCTUATION

In real life society is probably best understood using a mixture of both structural and action approaches



INDIVIDUALS ARE INFLUENCED AND CONTROLLED BUT CAN MAKE CHOICES


EG EDUCATION SYSTEM : can make choices ( limited ) eg to what school child goes to



Anthony giddens

FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

feminism examines society particularly from point of view of women


Argue :


MAINSTREAM SOCIOLOGY FOCUSES ON CONCERNS OF MEN : male stream sociology and fails to consider to pos of women and unequal pod they traditionally have had in society



No of diff themes : Marxist feminism



Marxist feminists focus on problem of patriarchy the system where males dominate soc



SAME WAY AS MARX



see soc as unequally divided but see divisions as gender not class



Radical feminists :focus on problem of men in male Dom soc




Liberal feminists focus on woman having equal opport to men through changes in laws and better childcare

POST MODERNISM

Approach



Stresses society is changing so rapidly and constantly that it's marked by chaos and uncertainty



Suggests society can no longer be understood through application of general theory's eg functionalism



Which seek to explain soc as a whole as its fragmented into diff groups interests and lifestyles



Structured and society's are replaced bymass of Indiv making Indiv choices about their lifestyles

New right perspective

More political philosophy than doc



ASSOCIATED WITH MAINLT YEARS OF CONSERVATIVE GOV IN BRITAIN BETWEEN 1979 1997


Approaches stresses freedom self help self reliance



Emphasises free comp between private company's schools etc



Encourages trad values



Condemns non trad families eg lone parents and blames them eg underachievement

New right perspective

More political philosophy than doc



ASSOCIATED WITH MAINLT YEARS OF CONSERVATIVE GOV IN BRITAIN BETWEEN 1979 1997


Approaches stresses freedom self help self reliance



Emphasises free comp between private company's schools etc



Encourages trad values



Condemns non trad families eg lone parents and blames them eg underachievement

Culture

Way people live within their society languages beliefs diet roles knowledge that make up WAY OF LIFE of any society



Also involves artefacts

New right perspective

More political philosophy than doc



ASSOCIATED WITH MAINLT YEARS OF CONSERVATIVE GOV IN BRITAIN BETWEEN 1979 1997


Approaches stresses freedom self help self reliance



Emphasises free comp between private company's schools etc



Encourages trad values



Condemns non trad families eg lone parents and blames them eg underachievement

Culture

Way people live within their society languages beliefs diet roles knowledge that make up WAY OF LIFE of any society



Also involves artefacts

Cultural diversity

Refers to fact that beliefs and behaviour are diff in diff society around world and within same soc at diff times beliefs and values can differ in some soc when subcultures are present

New right perspective

More political philosophy than doc



ASSOCIATED WITH MAINLT YEARS OF CONSERVATIVE GOV IN BRITAIN BETWEEN 1979 1997


Approaches stresses freedom self help self reliance



Emphasises free comp between private company's schools etc



Encourages trad values



Condemns non trad families eg lone parents and blames them eg underachievement

Culture

Way people live within their society languages beliefs diet roles knowledge that make up WAY OF LIFE of any society



Also involves artefacts

Cultural diversity

Refers to fact that beliefs and behaviour are diff in diff society around world and within same soc at diff times beliefs and values can differ in some soc when subcultures are present

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

Study's of cultures around world show diversity in norms and values



All society seen to operate as systems and the culture of society wil reflect divisions in social system

New right perspective

More political philosophy than doc



ASSOCIATED WITH MAINLT YEARS OF CONSERVATIVE GOV IN BRITAIN BETWEEN 1979 1997


Approaches stresses freedom self help self reliance



Emphasises free comp between private company's schools etc



Encourages trad values



Condemns non trad families eg lone parents and blames them eg underachievement

Culture

Way people live within their society languages beliefs diet roles knowledge that make up WAY OF LIFE of any society



Also involves artefacts

Cultural diversity

Refers to fact that beliefs and behaviour are diff in diff society around world and within same soc at diff times beliefs and values can differ in some soc when subcultures are present

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

Study's of cultures around world show diversity in norms and values



All society seen to operate as systems and the culture of society wil reflect divisions in social system

Functionalist perspective

Every social system needs a shared belief system if it's to function effectively



Pre industrial society's


Pop worked on land in small rural communities: structure of society : simple


MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY AND RELIGION



industrialised soc


Different tasks :hard to maintain collective CONCIOUSNESS: modern soc developed new inst : education system and mass media bring people together


MARXIST PERSPECTIVE

Differences within Marxism but generally agreed economic infrastructure ( rail water etc) and I'll be most important influence on culture



Marx claimed economic infrastructure determined nature of all parts of superstructure ( soc inst) culture part of superstructure so ruling class will use economic power to ensure culture of soc will benefit them eg main aim of ruling class : make profit inst in superstructure such as schools and mm rarely challenge this

Global culture

X

Identity

How and individual/ group see and define themselves



Formed through socialisation process via influence of social inst religion family etc


Knowing about your own and others identity enables Indiv to

Compare themselves to others to know how we differ from or are similar to others and is therefore very important in making social connections

How you see yourself will

Influence your relationships with others, determines who you'll give advice to and take from and who your friends will be



IDENTITY FITS INDIV INTO SOC WHICH THEY LIVE

Identitys of indivs and groups involves both

Personal choice and responses and attitudes of others

Individuals have multiple identitys , meaning different indentitys are used in diff situation

Eg person may define herself as Muslim in her family, manager at work and lesbian in her sex life

Factors which usually contribute to identity

Income social status appearance age gender nationality health peer group sexual orientation

Individual or personal identity

WOODWARD 2000 suggest


Indiv identity is concerned with the question who am I eg


-how Indiv define themselves


-what's important to them


-how they see themselves in comparison to others


- things that give them their unique characteristics.



Eg name passport fingerprints Etc

Social identity

Defines individuals in relation to social groups with which they are indentified and to which they belong



Formation of social indentitys may also arise from the characteristics associated with the social roles people play and behaviours that are expected of them when playing roles eg mum

Collective identity

: identity shared by a social group involving elements of both personal and social identitys



Involves elements of choice by Indiv as they actively choose to be part of a group and adopt the identity associated with it



Eg ethnicity defined by other


Gang member almost completely a personal choice

Feminist perspective

Feminists would say soviety is characterised by differences in power between men and woman feminists claim many cultural belief in soc disadvantage woman and benefit men

Dominant culture

Refers to main cultur in society



Which is shared or at least accepted without opposition by the majority of its members




Eg main features in British culture



White patriarchal unequal for females and those in minority groups

Subculture

Some groups in soc develop norms and values that are diff from those in dominant culture



Can be based on social class age immigrant groups etc



ALBERT COHEN 1955 developed explanation of delinquent youth subculture he explained young working class men were more likely to commit crime for fun



:STATUS FRUSTRATION

Glasgow gang observed

Back (Definition)

Folk culture

Culture created by LOCAL COMMUNITIES and is rooted in experiences customs beliefs of everyday people



- authentic


- not manufactured



Eg folk songs dances



Passed on from one gen to next



Associated with pre industrial soxiety

High culture

Seen as being superior to any other forms of culture



Refers to aspects of culture that are seen as lasting artistic or literary value aimed at small groups of INTELLECTUAL ELITES who are predom upper class and middle class groups



High culture products often found in special places eg museums etc classical music Van Gogh



MARXIST WRITER


PIERRE BOURDIEU 1960


suggested middle class success in education is also a result of cultural advantage as curriculum based on cultural forms that are seen as rare and worthy



Suggests middle class have more cultural capital than working class

️mass or low culture

USED IN NEGATIVE WAY TO DESCRIBE CULTURAL TASTES OF WORKING CLASS


Easy to understand entertainment



Manufactured for profit rather than made by community



Includes


- mass circulation magazines


- tabloid newspaper


- rock and pop music


- video games



Mindless entertainment



FRANKFURT SCHOOL OF SOCIOLOGISTS



Ardono Marcus honcheimer



Effects of mm on culture after ww2 arguedmass culture maintained dominance of a set of ideas and power of Dom social class in society



Breakdown of neighbourhood asp people moved from trad close knit community



THEODOR ARDONO CLASSICAL MUSICIAN



criticised popular music for offering w class people easy pleasure of music



Saw cultural industries as central to CAPATILIST system : huge profits

Popular culture

V

Changing distinctions between high andmass culture

X