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106 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Scientific Revolution |
Use of observation & experimentation; not a revolution |
Taught Europeans to view the universe a different wayGali |
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Galileo Galilei |
Advocate; his idea was that the planets revolved around the sun on it's axis |
Catholic church opposed him |
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Ptolemaic universe |
Geocentric conception |
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Geocentric conception |
The universe was seen as series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless Earth at it's center |
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On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
Book written by Nicolaus Copernicus; explained his theory |
Heavenly spheres |
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Heliocentric Conception |
Believed that universe consisted of 8 spheres with the sun motionless at the center; moon revolved around Earth; Earth rotated daily around the sun on its axis each year |
Believed in today's universe |
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Tycho Brahe |
Danish nobleman; rejected the Ptolemaic system and didn't accept that the Earth actually moved |
Not believed in geocentric |
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Johannes Kepler |
Teacher of mathematics & astronomy; his theory was that the universe was constructed on the basis of geometric figures (pyramid and cube) |
Believed in horoscopes |
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Kepler's Laws |
Planets move in elliptical orbits Planets move faster closer they are to the sun Further from the sun, the slower a planet moves |
3 laws of the planets |
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Roman Inquisition |
Catholic church prevented new astronomers to speak up especially Copernicus |
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Isaac Newton |
Invented Calculus; universal law of gravitation |
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Universal Law of Gravitation |
All objects have mass Any 2 objects exert force on one another The larger the object, the greater the force |
Force = Gravity |
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4 bodily humors |
Blood Yellow Bile Phlegm Black Bile |
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On the Fabric of the Human Body |
Vesalius published; based on paduan lectures; deviated from personally dissecting a body |
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William Harvey |
Demonstrated that the heart & not the liver was the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body; the same blood flows in both veins & arteries; blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body |
Blood circulates how? Harvey = heart |
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On the Motion of the Heart and Blood |
Written by William Harvey; explains his theory |
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Robert Boyle |
Was the first scientist to conduct controlled experiments; his law states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it |
Boyle = boiled water which evaporates to gas |
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Margaret Cavendish |
Aristrocat; prominent female scientist |
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René Descartes |
An important figure in western history; used reason as his sole guide to truth; founder of modern rationalism & philosophy |
Used reason |
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Discourse on Method |
Explained Descartes's new system; explained 4 rules To accept nothing as true Divide each difficulty into parts Arrange thoughts in order Make enumerations complete and review general |
Scientific method |
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Cartesian dualism |
Duality between mind and body |
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Rationalism |
A belief or theory that opinions & actions should be based on reason & knowledge |
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Scientific method |
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science consisting of problem, hypothesis, collect data, experiments, accept or reject conclusion |
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Francis Bacon's Ineluctive Method |
With organized experiments & thorough systematic observations, correct generalizations could be developed |
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Empiricism |
The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience |
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Blaise Pascal |
French scientist; invented a calculating machine; devised a theory of chance or probability & doing work on conic sections |
Salons and coffee houses |
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English Royal Society |
Informal gatherings of scientist to talk about the ideas of philosophers |
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In what ways did Hermetic scholars use magic to overcome the laws of nature? |
They used mathematical magic to understand/dominate the world of nature for beneficial purposes |
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How did Middle Age thinkers describe the design of the universe? |
Earth is motionless at center of the universe |
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In what fields of study did scientists achieve the greatest success in the 1500's & 1600's? |
Astrology and Alchemy |
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Why did Copernicus support a heliocentric model of the universe? |
He felt the geocentric conception was complicated and failed to accord 2 motions of the heavenly bodies |
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Who created the 3 laws of planetary motion? What were they? |
Johanne Kepler
Planets move in elliptical orbits Planets closest to sun move faster Planets further from the sun move slower |
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How did Tycho Brahe contribute to our understanding of the cosmos? |
Made star charts for over 20 years |
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In what ways did Galileo contribute to astronomy and physics? |
First to use telescope; discovered the moons of Jupiter & crates on the moon |
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Why was Galileo brought before the Inquisition? What was his punishment? |
He supported the heliocentric model He had house arrest |
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What is Galileo's law of inertia? |
A body will preserve its velocity & direction so long no force in its motion's direction acts on it |
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Why did Newton's law of universal gravitation help separate God from the movement of objects in the universe? |
He believed God was everywhere |
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How did Paracelsus revolutionize the world of medicine? |
Gave drugs to patients |
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What was Andreas Vesalius's contribution to our understanding of the human body? |
He studied the function of each organ |
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Which 17th century chemist studied the nature and behavior of gases? |
Robert Boyle |
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What role did Querrelles des Femmes play in the scientific revolution? Did they benefit or hurt the rights and roles of women in society? |
Science was used to find new support for the stereotypical views about women benefited |
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What happened to the role of midwife as a result of the scientific revolution? |
Males took over |
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What arguments did Descartes put forward in his Discourse on the Method? |
Scientific method |
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How did many christian churches respond to scientific evidence that conflicted with their religious teachings? |
They were very unhappy they had scientists recant their work discoveries |
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Why did Spinoza argue that failure to understand God led to selfishness? |
God was the universe |
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In what ways did Pascal attempt to defend christianity to rationalists? |
Tried to appeal reason & their emotions |
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How did scientific societies like the Royal Academy attempt to spread their ideas? |
Published papers of its members |
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How did the scientific revolution help lead to the ideas of the Enlightenment? |
Scientific revolution had the scientific method which helped them use reason |
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Why did the Enlightenment lead to a more secular, less religiously focused society? |
Educated men and women questioned religious truths |
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What impact did travel publications have on European society in the 1700's? |
Broad culture & different customs impact |
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How did John Locke view human beings at birth? What is tabula rasa? |
People were born with inalliable rights (life, liberty, property) It means blank mind |
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What were the goals of the French Philosophes? |
Change the world not just discuss it |
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What social classes were most Philosophes a part of? |
Nobility & middle class |
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How did Montesquieu argue that government should be constructed? Why? |
Separation of powers; provided greatest freedom and security for a state |
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What European city was considered the heart of the Enlightenment? |
Paris France |
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How did Voltaire's religious views help shape his views on religious toleration? |
He held mixed reviews of Abrahamic religions but had a favorable view on hinduism |
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Which female Philosophe helped translate Newton's Principia into French? |
Marquis du chatelet |
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What are major philosophical beliefs of deism? |
Believe in a god but he doesn't intervene in the universe (he only created it) |
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What was the purpose of Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia? |
To change the general way of thinking |
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What did Adam Smith believe was the role of government in the economy? |
None they should stay out |
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What was the General Will? |
Nothing less than that he will be forced to be free |
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According to Rousseau, what was the major cause of crime and anger in the world? |
Laws and judges |
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What roles did Salons play in spreading Enlightenment ideas? Who hosted them? |
Brought together writers, artists, government officials to converse about philosophers Women hosted them |
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What was the focus of most works created by Johan Sebastian Bach? |
Baroque musical style |
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Which 18th century composer was considered the most creative and innovative of his era? |
Mozart |
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Which english writer wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies? |
Mary Astell |
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Which enlightenment thinker argued for better treatment for prisoners and the accused? |
Cesare Beccaria |
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What were pogroms and why did they take place in Europe? |
An organized massacre of Jews; despised religious minority of Europe |
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For the most part, how were Jews treated in 18th century Europe? |
As humans; more freedom; still restricted to own land |
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Why did methodists separate from the Church of England? |
It was an important revival of christianity |
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French Royal Academy of Sciences |
Under government control; emphasized the practical value of scientific research |
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Immanuel Kant |
German Philosopher; defined the Enlightenment; "Dare to know! Have the courage to use you own intelligence" |
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Enlightenment |
Intellectual movement; emphasized reason & individualism; intellectuals who dared to know |
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Skepticism |
To doubt the truth of something |
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Skepticism |
To doubt the truth of something |
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James Cook's travels |
An account of his journey |
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Skepticism |
To doubt the truth of something |
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James Cook's travels |
An account of his journey |
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John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and tabula rasa |
Denied Descartes's belief & argued every person was born with a blank mind |
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Philosophes |
Intellectuals of the enlightenment |
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Philosophes |
Intellectuals of the enlightenment |
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Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and the separation of powers |
Comparative study of government; checks and balances |
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Voltaire's treatise on toleration |
Argued that religious toleration had created no problems for England & Holland & reminded government that "all men are brothers under God" |
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Deism |
Belief in the creator of the universe but it didn't intervene in the universe |
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Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia |
Dictionary of Science, art, and trade |
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David Hume and the "science of man" |
A pioneering social scientist; argued that observation & reflection grounded systematized common sense, made conceivable a "science of man" |
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Lassez-faire |
Noninterference; let people do as they choose |
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Lassez-faire |
Noninterference; let people do as they choose |
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Adam Smith's Wealth of nations |
Enunciated 3 basic principles of economics |
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Economic Liberalism |
Belief in organizing the economy on individualists & voluntarists |
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Romanticism |
A movement in the arts and literature; emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, & primacy of the individual |
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Mary Wollstencraft and feminism |
Founder of feminism; fought for womens rights and education; the support of womens rights on political, social, and economic equality to men |
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Mary Wollstencraft and feminism |
Founder of feminism; fought for womens rights and education; the support of womens rights on political, social, and economic equality to men |
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Vindication of the Rights of Women |
Argued that women must obey men was the same as the power of a monarch over their subject; women are entitled to the same rights that men have |
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Mary Wollstencraft and feminism |
Founder of feminism; fought for womens rights and education; the support of womens rights on political, social, and economic equality to men |
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Vindication of the Rights of Women |
Argued that women must obey men was the same as the power of a monarch over their subject; women are entitled to the same rights that men have |
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The salon and coffeehouse |
A place where writers, artists, government officials gathered to talk about the idea of the philosophers |
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Mary Wollstencraft and feminism |
Founder of feminism; fought for womens rights and education; the support of womens rights on political, social, and economic equality to men |
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Vindication of the Rights of Women |
Argued that women must obey men was the same as the power of a monarch over their subject; women are entitled to the same rights that men have |
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The salon and coffeehouse |
A place where writers, artists, government officials gathered to talk about the idea of the philosophers |
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Rococo |
Emphasized grace and gentle actions; no geometrical patterns only curves |
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Mary Wollstencraft and feminism |
Founder of feminism; fought for womens rights and education; the support of womens rights on political, social, and economic equality to men |
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Vindication of the Rights of Women |
Argued that women must obey men was the same as the power of a monarch over their subject; women are entitled to the same rights that men have |
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The salon and coffeehouse |
A place where writers, artists, government officials gathered to talk about the idea of the philosophers |
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Rococo |
Emphasized grace and gentle actions; no geometrical patterns only curves |
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Neoclassicism |
Captured the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece & Rome |
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