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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Churches views on world |
Earth is the center of the universe God creates the universe for us Earth is flat |
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What did Nicholas Copernicus think? |
Earth was round and the sun was the center of the universe. TOO DANGEROUS TO TALK ABOUT. Math didn't exist... Friends published works after he died. Poland |
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Who was Tycho Brahe? |
He built an observitory and tried to prove Copernicus hypothesis. Danish |
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Johannes Keppler |
Used Brahes work and he discovered the math to prove planets revolve around the sun at different speeds, not in circles (Copernicus), rather in ellipses, faster towards, slower away |
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Kepler and the church |
He challenged academic and religious leaders
Protestant, so he didn't fear the Catholic Church |
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Galileo and the church |
Catholic
Contemporary of Kepler
Massive opposition from Catholic Church |
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What did Galileo do? |
Built his own telescope
Convinced Copernicus's was correct after seeing moons around Jupiter; not all heavenly bodies revolve around earth
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How was Galileo stopped? |
He wrote a book about his theories, and it was banned.
Poor Urban VIII demanded Galileo to come to trial
Recanted statements after threats of torture and death |
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What did Galileo do after the trial? |
WORKED! Experimented with motion of objects.
LAW OF INERTIA (an object at rest...) |
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Philosophers that mixed science into philosophy |
Francis Bacon Rene Descartes |
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Bacons thoughts |
Ideas based on tradition and unproven facts be thrown away
Truth only resulted through investigation
Helped develop "scientific method" |
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Philosophers that mixed science into philosophy |
Francis Bacon Rene Descartes |
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Bacons thoughts |
Ideas based on tradition and unproven facts be thrown away
Truth only resulted through investigation
Helped develop "scientific method" |
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Rene Descartes, what, thoughts, believed |
Mathematician and philosopher
Inventor of analytical geometry
Math = perfect model for clear knowledge
Believed truth must be reached though reason |
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Descarte published and believed what quote? |
Discord on Method to explain philosophy
"I THINK THEREFORE I AM" The only thing he can prove |
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Descarte published and believed what quote? |
Discord on Method to explain philosophy
"I THINK THEREFORE I AM" The only thing he can prove |
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Tell me about Newton |
Used scientific method to study science and math
"Asking the correct question is half the problem. Once the question is formulated there remains to be found only proof..."
Cambridge, but a below average student
Teacher was like "hey you're not awful" and worked with him |
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What made Newton go home and what happened there? Published? |
An outbreak of plague closed Cambridge. At home he studied math and physics
Apple legend
After 20 years he published "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" |
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What did Principia do for the world? |
Offered new understanding
Explained Copernicus's, Galileos, and Keplers thoughts
Stated universal gravitation (Newt)
To prove this he created calculus
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ANATOMY ORIGINS |
Only knowledge from Galen (Greek)
Dissection of humans was illegal
Galen dissected dogs and apes
Blood in arteries yes Liver digesting food no
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ANATOMY ORIGINS |
Only knowledge from Galen (Greek)
Dissection of humans was illegal
Galen dissected dogs and apes
Blood in arteries yes Liver digesting food no
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Which medical student did something about anatomy? |
Dissection was illegal in France
Andreas Vesalius was like "uh no" on Galens theories cuz I mean apes and dogs
Published "on the structure of the human body" about his discoveries in dissections. |
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ANATOMY ORIGINS |
Only knowledge from Galen (Greek)
Dissection of humans was illegal
Galen dissected dogs and apes
Blood in arteries yes Liver digesting food no
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Which medical student did something about anatomy? |
Dissection was illegal in France
Andreas Vesalius was like "uh no" on Galens theories cuz I mean apes and dogs
Published "on the structure of the human body" about his discoveries in dissections. |
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Who disapproved Vesalius's ideas? |
William Harvey, 100 years,
Blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart, and returning through veins |
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ANATOMY ORIGINS |
Only knowledge from Galen (Greek)
Dissection of humans was illegal
Galen dissected dogs and apes
Blood in arteries yes Liver digesting food no
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Which medical student did something about anatomy? |
Dissection was illegal in France
Andreas Vesalius was like "uh no" on Galens theories cuz I mean apes and dogs
Published "on the structure of the human body" about his discoveries in dissections. |
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Who disapproved Vesalius's ideas? |
William Harvey, 100 years,
Blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart, and returning through veins |
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Robert Hooke???? |
Discovered the cell (newly invented telescope)
They reminded him of honeycombs |
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Robert Boyle? |
Established chemistry as a pure science
Alchemists before who tried transforming base metals into precious metals
Alchemists believed matter was made of earth fire air and water
Boyle attacked this in "The Skeptical Chymist" Air couldn't be a basic element cuz mixture of gases
Defined element cannot be broken down into simpler parts
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Marie Lavoisier do? |
Translated Antoines work into English and Latin
Also illustrated his writings |
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Marie Lavoisier do? |
Translated Antoines work into English and Latin
Also illustrated his writings |
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What did monarchs do in all of this? |
They supported scientific academies, observatories, and museums |
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Marie Lavoisier do? |
Translated Antoines work into English and Latin
Also illustrated his writings |
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What did monarchs do in all of this? |
They supported scientific academies, observatories, and museums |
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What did political philosophers believe in? |
Natural law: a universal moral law that could be understood by applying reason
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Marie Lavoisier do? |
Translated Antoines work into English and Latin
Also illustrated his writings |
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What did monarchs do in all of this? |
They supported scientific academies, observatories, and museums |
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What did political philosophers believe in? |
Natural law: a universal moral law that could be understood by applying reason
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What did Thomas and John do? |
Hobbes and Locke dealt with ideas of natural law and government |
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Marie Lavoisier do? |
Translated Antoines work into English and Latin
Also illustrated his writings |
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What did monarchs do in all of this? |
They supported scientific academies, observatories, and museums |
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What did political philosophers believe in? |
Natural law: a universal moral law that could be understood by applying reason
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What did Thomas and John do? |
Hobbes and Locke dealt with ideas of natural law and government |
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How was England divided? |
Those who wanted a king with absolute power and those who thought they should govern themsleves |
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What did Joseph Priestley discover? |
Oxygen, and carbonated drinks!!
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What did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
Combustion, flammable material with oxygen |
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What did Marie Lavoisier do? |
Translated Antoines work into English and Latin
Also illustrated his writings |
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What did monarchs do in all of this? |
They supported scientific academies, observatories, and museums |
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What did political philosophers believe in? |
Natural law: a universal moral law that could be understood by applying reason
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What did Thomas and John do? |
Hobbes and Locke dealt with ideas of natural law and government |
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How was England divided? |
Those who wanted a king with absolute power and those who thought they should govern themsleves |
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Hobbes ideas... |
He used natural law to argue for absolute monarchy
Believed violence and disorder came naturally to humans, therefore without a king , CHAOS
Supported ideas with Leviathon
A state where people lived without government terrible
People should form a contract to give up their freedom
Then rulers would protect them. Order. People don't have right to rebel against government no matter how unjust it is |
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Lockes ideas |
Government is based on social contract and it was necessary to establish order
People are reasonable and moral and have natural rights
Life liberty and prosperity |
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What did Locke write? |
Two Treatises of Governement
It said people created government to protect natural rights and that a government worked best what its powers were limited and it was acceptable to all citizens
If a gov failed in its duty to protects rights people could overthrow government |
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Lockes ideas |
Government is based on social contract and it was necessary to establish order
People are reasonable and moral and have natural rights
Life liberty and prosperity |
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What did Locke write? |
Two Treatises of Governement
It said people created government to protect natural rights and that a government worked best what its powers were limited and it was acceptable to all citizens
If a gov failed in its duty to protects rights people could overthrow government |
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Who read Lockes writings and what did they think of it? |
By Europe and America
American colonists used it to justify their independence
Thomas Jefferson based the Declaration of Independence on Lockes ideas of social contract that the right of the people to overthrow and unjust government. |
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When did the practice of law in England change? How with trials? |
When people searched for new principles that would meet the standards of reason
Scientific method when applied to law helped to end unjust trials
Lawmakers placed less value on hearsay and on confessions made under torture |
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Hugo Grotius? |
He called for an international code based on natural law (Pennsylvania)
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William Penn believed in |
Pacifism. He advocated an assembly of nations committed to world peace |
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Examining Religion |
Euros applied reason to religion
Upper and middle class turn away from traditional religious views
Europe more secular
Deism through Europe and America
Deism denounces organized religion saying it exploited people's ignorance and superstitions
Diests asserted the rightness of humanity's place in an orderly universe |
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Triumph of reason |
SCIENCE
people of enlightenment studied world as though seeing it for the first time
Natural scientists analyzed and classified thousands of animals, insects, and plants
Geologists drew maps of earth
Astronomers made discoveries about universe
Enlightenment people perceived universe as a machine governed by fixed laws and god as the master mechanic allowed it to run on its own
PROGRESS WE CAN BE IMPROVED |
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What were enlightenment thinkers called? Believe in? |
Philosophes
Lockes political philosophy and newtons theories
Disapproved superstition and religious opposition to new scientific endeavors
FREE SPEECH AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHT TO LIBERTY
They were writers who helped spread their beliefs of the enlightenment |
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What's going on in Paris? |
France=center of ideas
Intellectuals gathered in salons held by wealthy patrons
Wealthy women ran many salons
Madame de Pompadour (mistress to Louis XV) was most celebrated |
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The Encyclopedie |
Compilation of most prominent philosophes of enlightenment
Editor was Denis Diderot, devoted life to project
It criticized church and government, praised religious tolerance
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Church vs enc |
Church banned enc
Diderot was furious that the printer was scared of its controversial views
Diderot and others in prison
Still widely read |
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Church vs enc |
Church banned enc
Diderot was furious that the printer was scared of its controversial views
Diderot and others in prison
Still widely read |
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Montesquieu |
Charles Louis de Secondat baron
famous philosophes in political matters
Wrote The Spirit of Laws
Promoted idea of separating governmental powers
Believed power should be divided equally legislative executive and judicial
Believed in rights of individuals
Work influenced constitutions |
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Voltaire |
Most celebrated philosophes was Francois-Marie Arouet
Pen name Voltaire
Writings were entertaining and satirical
Most famous work was Candide
It challenges the notion that everything that happens is for the best in the best of all possible worlds |
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How did Voltaire end up? |
He was in prison, the Bastille, twice for mocking the church and the royal court of France as well as for insulting a nobleman
After his second term he was given a choice, more time in the Bastille or exile from France he went into exile in england
In England Voltaire admired the English ideal of religious liberty and relative freedom of press
"I disapprove with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say to" |
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Women in the enlightenment |
Women generally didn't participate equally
Small number of women began to affirm equality 1700s
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Women in the enlightenment |
Women generally didn't participate equally
Small number of women began to affirm equality 1700s
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What did Mary Wollstonecraft write? |
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Equal education for women and men so both could contribute to society |
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Enlightened despots |
Rulers who sought to govern by enlightenment principles while being royal
Frederick II of Prussia was one Absolute though "first servant of the state"
Abolishment of torture, schools, promoting industry and agriculture
Corresponded with Voltaire Voltaire gave him great title
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Catherine the great of russia |
Correspond with Voltaire
Made reforms in law and government
Value principle of enlightenment more that practicing it |
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Catherine the great of russia |
Correspond with Voltaire
Made reforms in law and government
Value principle of enlightenment more that practicing it |
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Maria Theresa |
Empress of austria Catholic Disagreed with secularism of enlightenment
Introduced humanitarian reforms schools and freeing serfs |
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Catherine the great of russia |
Correspond with Voltaire
Made reforms in law and government
Value principle of enlightenment more that practicing it |
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Maria Theresa |
Empress of austria Catholic Disagreed with secularism of enlightenment
Introduced humanitarian reforms schools and freeing serfs |
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What happened with Maria Theresa's son? |
Jospeh II abolished serfdom completely, land taxes equal, and named middle class officials, freedom of press, took property from Catholic Church, and used money to support hospitals, religious freedom protestants and Jews
Had to repeal a lot
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Catherine the great of russia |
Correspond with Voltaire
Made reforms in law and government
Value principle of enlightenment more that practicing it |
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Maria Theresa |
Empress of austria Catholic Disagreed with secularism of enlightenment
Introduced humanitarian reforms schools and freeing serfs |
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What happened with Maria Theresa's son? |
Jospeh II abolished serfdom completely, land taxes equal, and named middle class officials, freedom of press, took property from Catholic Church, and used money to support hospitals, religious freedom protestants and Jews
Had to repeal a lot
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Joseph IIs brother |
Leopold II revoked his reforms after jos death |
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Reform and leaders |
Monarchs backing off of enlightenment cuz threatening their own power. Despots had hard time cuz fear of losing power
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Reform and leaders |
Monarchs backing off of enlightenment cuz threatening their own power. Despots had hard time cuz fear of losing power
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Classical movent |
Art music lit
Capture ancients
Architects based on Rome
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Reform and leaders |
Monarchs backing off of enlightenment cuz threatening their own power. Despots had hard time cuz fear of losing power
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Classical movent |
Art music lit
Capture ancients
Architects based on Rome
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Sculptors: |
Antonio Canova and Jean Antione Houdon |
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Reform and leaders |
Monarchs backing off of enlightenment cuz threatening their own power. Despots had hard time cuz fear of losing power
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Classical movent |
Art music lit
Capture ancients
Architects based on Rome
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Sculptors: |
Antonio Canova and Jean Antione Houdon |
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Famous painter |
Jacques Louis David |
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Reform and leaders |
Monarchs backing off of enlightenment cuz threatening their own power. Despots had hard time cuz fear of losing power
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Classical movent |
Art music lit
Capture ancients
Architects based on Rome
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Sculptors: |
Antonio Canova and Jean Antione Houdon |
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Famous painter |
Jacques Louis David |
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Writers |
Moliere, jean Racine, Pierre Corneille, John Dryden, Alexander Pope, John Milton |
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Reform and leaders |
Monarchs backing off of enlightenment cuz threatening their own power. Despots had hard time cuz fear of losing power
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Classical movent |
Art music lit
Capture ancients
Architects based on Rome
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Sculptors: |
Antonio Canova and Jean Antione Houdon |
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Famous painter |
Jacques Louis David |
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Writers |
Moliere, jean Racine, Pierre Corneille, John Dryden, Alexander Pope, John Milton |
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Composers |
Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart |
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Oppose enlightenment thoughts |
Viewing world too rational no emotion or feeling |
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Jean-Jacque Rousseau |
EMOTION!! Humans good Civilization corrupt
nature
"Heloise" described nature and simple country life
Emile importance of education in human personality Preserve goodness
Social Contract Right to rule in people people had right to remove chains of oppressive society and create gov for common good
He said basis of government is give up individual rights for will of majority
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Jean-Jacque Rousseau |
EMOTION!! Humans good Civilization corrupt
nature
"Heloise" described nature and simple country life
Emile importance of education in human personality Preserve goodness
Social Contract Right to rule in people people had right to remove chains of oppressive society and create gov for common good
He said basis of government is give up individual rights for will of majority
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Immanuel Kant |
Critic of E
Can't explain metaphysics like God
Critique of Pure Reason Reality consisting of separate physical and spiritual worlds |
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Count von Zinzendorf |
Moravian Brethren in Germany
Emotional and mystical side of Christianity |
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Count von Zinzendorf |
Moravian Brethren in Germany
Emotional and mystical side of Christianity |
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John Wesley |
Methodism
Personal experience no cold formality |
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Count von Zinzendorf |
Moravian Brethren in Germany
Emotional and mystical side of Christianity |
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John Wesley |
Methodism
Personal experience no cold formality |
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More reigions |
Hasidism among Jews in E Europe
Mysticism and religious zeal |
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Count von Zinzendorf |
Moravian Brethren in Germany
Emotional and mystical side of Christianity |
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John Wesley |
Methodism
Personal experience no cold formality |
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More reigions |
Hasidism among Jews in E Europe
Mysticism and religious zeal |
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Romanticism |
Celebrated emotion and individual |
