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17 Cards in this Set
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In 1643 _ cameto the throne. As king, _was the most celebrated absolute monarch. His reign of 72 years—the longest in European history—set the style for Europe’s king sand queens. _ was known as the Sun King, because Europe’s rulers and nobles all “revolved” around him. |
Louis XIV |
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The most famous Prussian ruler was_, also called _ the Great. He ruled from 1740 to 1786. As Prussia’s king, _ strengthened the army and fought wars to gain new territory for Prussia. He also tried to be an enlight-ened despot. He supported the arts and learning and tried to carry out enlightened reforms. He permitted his people to speak and publish more freely. He also consented to greater religious toleration. |
Frederick II |
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Early in her reign,_ was devoted to Enlightenment ideas. She studied about and wrote letters to the philosophes. She even considered freeing the serfs, but a serf uprising changed her mind. In the end, she allowed the nobles to treat the serfs as they pleased. |
Catherine |
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Written by __ of Virginia, the Declaration statedthat the colonies were separating from Great Britain and forming a new nation, the United States of America. |
Thomas Jefferson |
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_ _ was named head of a new colonial army. The Congress then tried again to settle their differences with Great Britain. |
George Washington |
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In 1637 he wrote a book called Discourse on Method. In this book, _ began withthe problem of knowing what is true. To_, one fact seemed to be doubt—his own existence. _ clarified this idea by the phrase, “I think, there for I am" |
Descartes |
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__ __ wrote about English government and society. During his life, England was torn apart by civil war. |
Thomas Hobbes |
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Another English thinker, _, contradicted Hobbes. _ used natural law to affirm basic democratic ideas such as citizens rights and the need for government to be answerable to the people. |
Locke |
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__ __, a French thinker, published abook called The Spirit of Laws. ? |
Baron Montesquieu |
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The greatest thinker ofthe Enlightenment was François-Marie Arouet, known simply as _.Born in a middle-class family, _ wrote many novels, plays, letters, and essays that brought him fame and wealth. |
Voltaire |
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_ was the French philosophe who did the most to spread Enlightenment ideas. Withthe help of friends, _ published a large, 28-volume encyclopedia. His project, which began in the 1750s, took about 20 years to complete. |
Denis Diderot |
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The most powerful supporter of women’s rights was the English writer _ _. She sought to eliminate inequality ineducation between men and women. Many people today credit her as the founder of the modern movement for women’s rights. |
Mary Wollstonecraft |
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_ stated that the sun and the planets moved around the earth in circular paths . After all, it did seem like the earth was the center of the universe. Astronomers in Europe accepted _ geocentric, or Earth-centered, theory for more than 1,400years. |
Ptolemy |
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In 1543 _ released a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He disagreed with Ptolemy’s view that the earth was the center of the universe._ believed that Ptolemy’s theory was too complicated. Instead, he developed asimpler heliocentric, or sun-centered, theoryof the universe. __ theory stated that the Sun, not Earth, was the center of the universe. The planets moved in circular paths around the Sun. |
Copernicus’s |
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He supported Copernicus’s theory but also made corrections to it. _ added the idea that the planets move in ellipses (ih •LIHP• SEEZ), or oval paths, |
Kepler |
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_ believed that new knowledge could come through experiments that were carefully carried out. |
Galileo |
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Despite continuing scientific breakthroughs, the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo needed to be brought together as one system. This feat was accomplished by an English mathematician named __ _ |
Isaac Newton |
