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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Research
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A process through which new knowledge is discovered
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Theory
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Helps us to organize this new information into a coherent body, a set of related ideas that explain events that have occurred and predict events that may happen
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8 Steps of High quality Research
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1 based on the work of others
2 can be replicated 3 is generalizable to other settings 4 is based on some logical rationale and tied to theory 5 is doable 6 generates new questions or is cyclical in nature 7 is incremental 8 is an apolitical activity that should be undertaken for the betterment of society |
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Scientific Method
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Begins with a question and ends with asking new questions - will further our understanding of human behavior
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Hypothesis
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Results when the questions are transformed into statements that express the relationships between variables like an "if...then" statement
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Inferential Statistics
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A set of tools that allows researchers to separate the effects of an isolated factor from differences between groups that might be owing to some other factor or to nothing other than chance
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Chance
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Luck, fate, destiny - sometimes responsible for differences between groups
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3 Dimensions of Research
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1 The nature of the question asked
2 The method used to answer it 3 The degree of precision the method brings to answering the question |
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Nonexperimental Research
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Examines the relationship between variables, without any attention to cause-and-effect relationships
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Descriptive Research
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Focuses on events that occur in the present
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Correlational Research
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Examines the relationship between variables
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Correlation Coefficient
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A numerical index as a measure of the strength of this relationship
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Qualitative Research
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Studies phenomena within the social and cultural context in which they occur.
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True Experimental Research Method
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Examines direct cause-and-effect relationships
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Experimental Research
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Examines the cause-and-effect relationship between variables
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Quasi-Experimental Research
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Studies are focused on cause and effect, but they use preassigned groups. (aka Post Hoc)
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Basic Research
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Research that has no immediate application at the time it is completed (aka pure research)
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Applied Research
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Has an immediate application at the time it is completed.
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Variable
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(noun) Represents a class of outcomes that can take on more than one value
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Measurement
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The more precisely a variable is measured the more useful this is
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Dependent Variable
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A variable that is measured to see whether the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable had an effect.
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Independent Variable
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A variable that is manipulated to examine its impact on a dependent variable.
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Control Variable
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A variable that is related to the dependent variable, the influence of which needs to be removed.
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Extraneous Variable
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A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable that is not part of the experiment.
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Moderator
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A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable and has an impact on the dependent variable.
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Factorial Designs
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Experiments that include more than one independent variable.
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Confounding
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When variables compete to explain the effects
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Null Hypothesis
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A statement of equality - Represents no relationship between the variables you are studying
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Research Hypothesis
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A definite statement of the relationship between two variables - statements of inequality
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Nondirectional Research Hypothesis
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Reflects a difference between groups, but the direction of the difference is not specified
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Directional Research Hypothesis
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Reflects a difference between groups, and the direction of the difference is specified
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5 Step of A Well Written Hypothesis
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1 Be stated in declarative form
2 Posit a relationship between variables 3 Reflect a theory or a body of literature upon which they are based 4 Be brief and to the point 5 Be testable |
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Population
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The larger group
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Sample
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The smaller group selected from a population
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Generalizability
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When the sample does represent the population the results of the study are said to have ___
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Statistical Significance
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A measure of how much risk we are willing to take when reaching a conclusion about the relationship between variables.
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Significance Level
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A certain amount of error that can't be controlled - the risk associated with not being 100% confident that the difference is caused by what you think and may be due to some unforeseen factor
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ABD
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All But Dissertation
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Review of literature
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Provides a framework for the research proposal
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General Sources
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Provides an overview of a topic and provides leads to where more information can be found
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Secondary Sources
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Provides a level of information "once removed" from the original work. (review papers, anthologies, syntheses, textbooks, encyclopedias)
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Primary Sources
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Accounts of actual research that has been done
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Peer Review
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The process of reviewing journal submission ensures that experts review and comment on a research manuscript before it is published - identity of the author is kept unknown
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Abstract
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A 1 or 2 paragraph summary of a journal article which contains all the information readers should need to decide whether to read the entire journal article
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Indices
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Help you locate the sources of important information
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Search Engines
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Are tools that help you sift through the thousands of pages of information available on the internet and identify the specifics of what you need
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Internet
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Network of networks
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URL
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Universal Resource Locator
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