Scientific Discoveries Exam 1 Review

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Francis Bacon

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Proved existence of gravity. Father of Empiricism. Founded Scientific thought

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The Piltdown Man

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Paleoanthropological hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human.

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Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

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Discovered X-rays

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Marie Curie

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Discovered radioactivity

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Ernst Rutherford

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shot alpha particles through gold foil, expecting them to either bounce straight back or bounce straight through; some bounced straight back, some bounced at oblique angles, and some passed through; this led to his deduction of the idea of the nucleus

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Giordano Bruno

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Believed that Universe was infinite and that there might be life on all planets. Agreed with Copernicus.

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Aristotle

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Believed that the earth was stationary and all planets revolved around it. Student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great. The Church in the Scientific Revolution approved of his works.

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Ptolemy

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Like Aristotle, he believed that the earth had planets revolving around it. The Church in the Scientific Revolution approved of his works.

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Copernicus

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Devout Christian, had Renaissance education, believed in the heliocentric theory. Didn't publish works until after death to avoid upsetting the church.

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Tycho Brahe

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Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data. Doubted Aristotle and Church.

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Galileo

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Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

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Kepler

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Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

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Newton

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Wrote the "Principia Mathematica", in which he used math to form a universal law of gravity. Believed new philosophy of nature based on observation and the use of math.

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Robert Boyle

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Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691), father of modern chemistry

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Stahl

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Developed the phlogiston theory. it was the idea that combustions were essentially the process of losing a hypotheticals substance called "phlogiston"

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Priestley

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discovered that graphite was a conductor of electricity; isolated and described the properties of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and oxygen; invented soda pop; identified the gases involved in plant respiration (unifying chemistry and biology); observed photosynthesis for the first time; told Antoine Lavoisier of his discovery of "dephlogisticated gas" or oxygen; Lavoisier repeated his experiments and named the substance "oxygen"

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Antoine Lavoisier

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the father of modern chemistry; named Priestly's substance "oxygen" and named Cavendish's inflammable air "hydrogen;" noticed that when it combusted, it produced a "dew" which was water; dispelled the phlogiston theory, invented the system of chemical nomenclature still largely in use today, including names such as sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites;

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Dalton

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one of the founding fathers of the atomic theory of matter; also remembered for his meteorological observations, which he began recording in 1787 using instruments he made himself; spelled out a solid atomic theory with five key points

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Dimitri Mendeleyev

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published a periodic table based on atomic masses; little did he know that another scientist, Newlands, had come up with a similar periodic table a few years earlier

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J.J. Thomson

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was a professor of physics in England; in fact, Ernest Rutherford was one of his students; discovered the electron; wanted no name it the "corpuscle," but went with Stoney's "electron"

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Niels Bohr

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postulated that any atom could exist only in a discrete set of states characterized by definite values of energy; was the first to apply the quantum theory to atomic and molecular structure- quantum theory is the idea that matter and energy have the properties of both particles and waves

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allopatric speciation

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A speciation in which biological populations are physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier and evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation, such that if the barrier breaks down, individuals of the population can no longer interbreed.

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Charles Darwin

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He was an English scientist who developed the theory of natural selection and the theory of evolution in the 1800s.

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Archimedes

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He was a Greek inventor and mathematician who studied spheres and calculated pi in the 200s BC.

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Gregor Mendel

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This scientist, of Austrian descent, formalized the study of genetics in the 1800s.

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Albert Einstein

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This man, who was of German descent, developed the theory of relativity in the early 1900s.

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Steven Gould

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the theory of punctuated equilibrium. The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.He also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology.

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William Bateson

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first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity

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August Weismann

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one of the founders of the science of genetics, who is best known for his opposition to the doctrine of the inheritance of acquired traits and for his “germ plasm” theory, the forerunner of DNA theory.

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TH Morgan

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science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.

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Beadle & Tatum

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jointly publish a paper on their experiments using the fungus Neurospora crassa to establish that particular genes are expressed through the action of correspondingly specific enzymes.

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Oparin & Haldane

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Concluded that life evolved in the oceans during a period when the atmosphere was reducing - containing H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, and CO2, but no free O2.

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Miller & Urey

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chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions.

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Michael Behe

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came to believe that there was evidence, at a biochemical level, that there were systems that were "irreducibly complex." These were systems that he thought could not, even in principle, have evolved by natural selection, and thus must have been created by an "intelligent designer," which he believed to be the only possible alternative explanation for such complex structures.

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William Dembski

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A proponent of intelligent design, specifically the concept of specified complexity

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Leo Szilard

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proponent of the nuclear chain reaction back in 1933. He also established the relationship between the transfer of information and entropy which was what lead to being able to develop the means to separate radioactive elements as well as isotopes. He was also one of the first scientists who recognized the significance of nuclear fission which was the key element behind the development of atomic weapons used by the United States.

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Georges Lemaitre

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father of the big bang theory

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Edwin Hubble

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determined that the farther a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it appears to move away. This notion of an "expanding" universe formed the basis of the Big Bang theory, which states that the universe began with an intense burst of energy at a single moment in time — and has been expanding ever since.

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John Ray

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laid the foundations of botany and zoology in Britain. The botanical terms ‘petal’ and ‘pollen’

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James Hutton

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founder of modern geology.

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Charles Lyell

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wrote “Principles of Geology”, a landmark work in geology that explores James Hutton's doctrine of uniformitarianism

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Alfred Russel Wallace

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best known for developing a theory of evolution through natural selection independently of Charles Darwin.

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Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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best known for his idea that acquired characters are inheritable, an idea known as Lamarckism

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Erasmus Darwin

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most important naturalist of the eighteenth century. Trained as a physician at Cambridge and Edinburgh, he becamefamous for his radical opinions.

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Georges Cuvier

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"Father of paleontology"