Sciencesemest

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a system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge

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science

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the use of knowledge to solve practical problems

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technology

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the study of composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter

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chemistry

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the study of matter and energy and the interactions between the two through forces and motion

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physics

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a wel tested explanation for a set of observatios or experimental rules

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theory

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proposed answer to a question

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hypothesis

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An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information

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scientific method

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The variable that causes a change in the other

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manipulated variable

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the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable

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responding variable

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an experiment in which the manipulated variable is deliberately changed at a time.

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controlled experiment

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a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature

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scientific law

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a representation of an object or an event

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model

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a way of expressing a value as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.

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scientific notation

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the straight line distance between two points (m)

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length

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the quantity of matter in an object or sample (kg)

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mass

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the amt. of space taken up by an object

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volume

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the ratio of an object's mass to is volume (Mass over Volume)

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density

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a revised version of the metric system

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SI

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all the digits that are known in a measurement plus the last digit that is estimated

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significant figures

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a ratio of equivalent measurements that is used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit

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conversion factor

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the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured

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accuracy

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an instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object is

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thermometer

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steepness of a line - ratio of a vertical change to the corresp. horizontal change (Rise over run)

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slope

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a relationship in which the ratio of two variables is constant.

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direct proportion

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branches of science

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three general: Physical, earth and space, and life.

chemistry physics = physical science & chemistry

geology & astronomy = earth & space sciences

biology = life science

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the smallest particle of an element

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atom

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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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element

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a substance made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances

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compound

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matter that always has exactly the same composition

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pure substance

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substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish one substance in the mixture from another

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homogeneous mixture

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the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another

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heterogeneous mixture

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property can vary because the composition is not fixed

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mixture

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when substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture

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solution

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a heterogeneous mixture that seperates into layers over time

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suspension

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contains some particles that are intermediate in size & do not seperate into layers.

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colloid

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any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material.

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physical property

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the tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing

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viscosity

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A materials ability to allow heat to flow

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conductivity

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the ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering

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malleability

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to be drawn into thin wires

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ductile

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the temp. at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

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melting point

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the temperature at which a substance boils

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boiling point

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process that seperates materials based on the size of their particles

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filtration

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process that seperates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

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distillation

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occurs when some of the properties of a material change

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physical change

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any ability to produce change in the composition of matter

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chemical property

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a material's ability to burn in the prescence of oxygen.

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flammability

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how readily a substance combines chemically with another

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reactivity

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occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or two more substances

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chemical change

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any solid that forms and seperates from a liquid mixture

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precipitate

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that which has mass and occupies space

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matter

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state of matter in which materials have a definite shape and a definite volume

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solid

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state of matter in whic a material has a definite olume but not a definite shape

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liquid

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state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume

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gas

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the energy an object has due to its motion

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kinetic energy

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the result of a force distributed over an area

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pressure

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a temperature of 0 K

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absolute zero

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state of matter in which atoms have been stripped of their electrons

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plasma

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the volume of a gas is directly porportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and number of particles of gas are constant

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Charles' law

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the volume of a gas is inversely porportional to its pressure if they temperature and the number of particles are constant

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Boyle's law

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reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another

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phase change

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absorbs energy from its surroundings

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endothermic

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realeases energy to its surroundings

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exothermic

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amount of energy it takes for something to melt (Joules)

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heat of fusion

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the phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid into a gas

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vaporization

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the processt that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance's boiling point.

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evaporation

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pressure caused by collisions and walls

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vapor pressure

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phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid.

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condensation

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phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first.

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sublimation

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when a gas or vapor changes directly into a solid without first changing to a liquid

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deposition

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a row in a periodic table of elements

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period

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a positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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proton

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negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in the space outside the nucleus of an atom

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electron

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a neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom

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neutron

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a unique number for each element that equals the number of protons in an atom of that element

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atomic number

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the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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mass number

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atoms of a given element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers

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isotopes

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the possible energies that electrons in an atom can have

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energy levels