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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atomic number |
number of protons in an atom |
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isotope |
the same atom with a different number of neutrons |
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mass number |
the (protons + neutrons) in an atom |
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atomic mass |
total mass of an atom, expressed in atomic mass units |
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relative atomic mass |
the average atomic mass of all isotopes in a sample |
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radioisotopes |
unstable isotopes that emit subatomic particles to become more stable |
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decay |
the process in which radioisotopes release subatomic particles |
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half-life |
the period of time over which half of a sample of material will decay to become a relatively stable product |
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periodic table |
a structure in which elements are organized that captures important patterns in their behaviors |
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groups |
columns of periodic table |
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periods |
rows of periodic tables |
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chemical reactivity |
an element's ability to form chemical bonds with other atoms |
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valence shell |
outermost energy shell of an atom that determines its chemical reactivity |
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valence electrons |
the electrons that make up the valence shell and determine an atom's chemical reactivity |
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octet rule |
the rule that states most elements need 8 electrons in their valence shells to be stable |
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electron orbitals |
the area around an atom's nucleus where electrons spend most of their time |
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covalent bond |
a stronger type of bond made by two atoms "sharing" electrons to reach 8 electrons each |
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polar covalent bond |
a type of covalent bond where electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and spend more time closer to one atom than the other |
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dipole |
a situation in which two equal and opposite charges are separated in space (electrons are shared unevenly) |
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electronegative |
the state of an atom which attracts electrons more (electron-greedy) |
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ion |
an electron added or removed from an atom, which gives it a negative or positive charge |
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anions |
negative ions charged from being added to an atom |
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cations |
positive ions charged from being taken away by an atom |
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ionic bonds |
electrostatic attractions formed between ions of opposite charges (a bond made by atoms with full, opposite charges) |
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ionic compounds |
a molecule compound formed by ionic bonding |
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electrolytes |
certain physiologically important ions crucial for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance |
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hydrogen bond |
a covalent bond containing hydrogen (which is important because it only has one electron) |
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dipole-dipole reaction |
a broad term for weak interactions between parts of molecules that bear partial charges |
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London dispersion forces |
weak attractions between molecules that can occur between atoms or molecules of any kind |
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instantaneous dipole |
when electrons of an atom on a molecule are clustered together, creating a partial negative charge in one part of the molecule |
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van der Waals forces |
a general term for intermolecular interactions (bonds) that don't involve covalent bonds or ionic bonds |
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chemical reaction |
when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken |
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reactants |
substances that go into a chemical reaction |
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products |
substances produced at the end of the reaction |
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compound |
a molecule made of more than one element (type of atom) |
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molecule |
groups of atoms that have bonded |
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irreversible reaction |
a chemical reaction in which the product cannot turn back into the reactants
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reversible reaction |
a chemical reaction in which the product can turn back into the reactants |
