Science: The Nervous System

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the nervous system is composed of:

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neural tissue
blood vessels
some connective tissue

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Neuron

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specialized cells that respond to change
physical change
chemical change

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dendrites

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smaller processes (stickouts) that receive stimuli

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axons

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carry info to other neurons or CNS (central nervous system)

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nerves

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bundles of axons

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neuroglial cells

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support and surrounds neuron
nourishes neuron
transmits nerve signal

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synapse

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gap between axon and dendrite

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neurotransmitters

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30 different types of neurotransmitters
each neuron produces either 1, 2, or 3 different types
responsible for trasmitting signal across synapse

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types of neurotransmitters

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acetylecholine: responsible for muscle contractions
monamins, epinephrine, dopamine, seratonin: responsible for mood
amino acids: glycine and glutamic acid
peptides: short chain of aminoo acids responsible for pain sensing

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CNS

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central nervous system comprised by the brain and the spinal chord

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PNS

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peripheral nervous system comprised of skeletal (consious nerve impulses) and autonomic impulses

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autonomic impulse

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automatic control such as heart beat or breathing
seperated into two divisions: sympathetic, and parasympathetic

sympathetic: fight or flight mode,
blood pressure increases, blood moves away from digestive system, body releases adrenaline

parasympathetic: regular, normal, relaxed mode. controls everday involuntary functions like heartbeat, blood pressure, respiration, perspiration, digestion,
can be influenced by thought or emotion

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sensory functions of CNS and PNS

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5 senses to react to conditions in environment transfer info to electrical impulses
travels from PNS to CNS

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integrative functions of CNS and PNS

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combining info into sensations
-memories

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Motor functions of CNS and PNS

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moves from CNS to PNS
effectors: muscle, glands, puberty
autonomic: involuntary
somatic: skeletal, body

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Jobs of nervous system

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maintain homostasis

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parts of a neuron

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axon: carries info away from soma to other neurons. 1 axon per neuron

cell body: soma, regular cell business occurs

dendrites: receives signal from other neurons
many per neuron

axon terminal: specialized ending of axon, synaptic vesicles hold neurotransmiters

very tip of axon terminal

schwann cells: make myelin

neurilemma: part of the schwann cell that contains regular cell functions

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node ranvier

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space between myelin sheets

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synaptic cleft

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space between the synaptic knob and cell next to it

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presynaptic neuron

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neuron that comes before the synapse

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post synaptic neuron

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neuron that comes after the synapse

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synaptic transmission

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when an impulse goes through the synapse (like an electric charge)

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synaptic transmission

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the impulse travels down down the axon to the axon terminal

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synaptic knob

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part of the end of an axon containing synaptic vesicles m
(membraneous sacs) containing neurotransmitters

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transmission process

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1. voltage gated gated Ca channels open when impulse reachs synaptic knob, clacium diffuses inwards from extracellular fluid
2. the increase in Ca ion concentration causes synaptic vesicles to fuse to synaptic membrane dumping the neurotransmitter into synapse
3. neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptor molecules on the post synaptic neuron- these are called chemically gated channels

neurotransmitters are responsible for 2 different jobs

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synaptic potentials

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local changes in potential will either depolarize or hyper polarize the neuron

EPSP- stands for excitatory post synaptic potential achieved by opening Na channels

IPSP- stands for inhibitory port synaptic potential achieved by closing Na channel, opening K channel

each neuron gets info from thousands of synaptic knobs: some ares EPSP some are IPSP

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bipolar neuron

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cell body with a process arising from each end. one axon, one dendrite

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unipolar neuron

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cell body with a single process that divides into 2 brances and functions as an axon

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multipolar neuron

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cell body with many processes one is an axon, the rest are dendrites

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sensory neuron

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conducts nerve impulses from reseptors in PNS to CNS

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interneuron

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transmits impulses between neurons

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motor neuron

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conducts nerve impulses from brain and spinal chord out to effectors

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bipolar neuron

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cell body with a process arising from each end. one axon, one dendrite

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unipolar neuron

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cell body with a single process that divides into 2 brances and functions as an axon

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multipolar neuron

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cell body with many processes one is an axon, the rest are dendrites

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sensory neuron

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conducts nerve impulses from reseptors in PNS to CNS

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interneuron

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transmits impulses between neurons

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motor neuron

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conducts nerve impulses from brain and spinal chord out to effectors