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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is organic chemistry?
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the study of carbon compounds
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Why can carbon form diverse molecules?
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due to it's ability to create 4 different bounds.
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What are functional groups?
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they are involved in chemical reactions.
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How many electrons does carbon have?
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6
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What is tetravalent?
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It can be bonded to four other atoms.
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What is hydrocarbon?
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Organic molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen items.
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What are some carbon specialties?
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They can vary in length, possess double or triple bond, branch, form rings, form isomers.
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What are the six functional groups
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Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, and Phosphate
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Has what bounded on hydroxyl?
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-OH
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What compounds does it create?
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Alcohols
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What are hydroxyl's properties?
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It's polar; attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds
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What is the extra compound on Carbonyl?
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=O
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What are 2 types of carbonyl?
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Aldehyde and ketones
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What is an aldehyde?
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The carbonyl is on one end of the carbon skeleton.
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What is a ketone?
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The carbonyl is in the middle of the carbon skeleton.
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What is the extra compound in Amino?
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NH2
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What is amino referred to?
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Amine
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What is amino's properties?
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Acts like a base, picks up protons from the surrounding solution, generating a positively charged N ion
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What is the extra compound in Sulfhydryl?
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-SH
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What is Sulfhydryl called?
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Thiols
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What is the property of sulfhydryl?
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Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure.
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What is a Phosphate?
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Has a phosphate in the center, it's double bonded to one oxygen and is surrounded by 3 other singly bonded oxygen
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What is it referred to as?
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Organic phosphate
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What are Phosphate's properties?
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Makes the molecule it is attached to an anion, and it can transfer energy between organic molecules.
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What is a Carboxyl?
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=O and -OH
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What are macromolecules?
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Polymers made up of monomers
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What can carb serve as?
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fuel and building material
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Wat are polymers made up of?
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monomers
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Wat is Dehydration Synthesis?
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Adds monomers to polymer, water is lost in the reaction.
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Wat is hydrolysis?
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breaks the polymers into smaller units by adding a water molecule
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What are carbohydrate?
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they contain sugar and sugar polymers
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What are the three types of carb?
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
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What is monosaccharides?
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consists of simple sugar units
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What are some examples of monosaccharides?
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Glucose and Fructose
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What is disaccharides?
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composed of two monosaccharides joined together via glycosidic linkage
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What is glycosidic linkages?
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covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis
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What are some examples of disaccharides?
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Maltose (G+G) and Sucrose (G+F)
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What are lipids?
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highly hydrophobic molecules composed mostly of hydrocarbon chains
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What are 4 types of lipids?
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waxes, fats, phospholipids, steriods
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What are fats?
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a large molecule (not a polymer) made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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Why are fats hydrophobic?
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b/c of non-polar C-H bonds of the hydrocarbon chain
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What are fats also called?
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triacylglycerol or triglycerides
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What are two calssification of fats?
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saturated and unsaturated
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What are saturated fats?
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HAS MAX NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS SURROUNDING THE CARBON SKELETON
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What are unsaturated fats?
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Does not have the max number of hydrogen stons
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What is phospholipds composed of?
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two fatty acids attached to a glycerol
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Wat part of phospholipds is hydrophilic?
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the head portion
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Which part of phospholipds are hydrophobic?
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The tail
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What does phospholipds do?
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makes up the lipid bilayer of cells
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What are steroids consist of?
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Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with functional groups hanging off it
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What are some examples of steroids?
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Cholesterol and hormones
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What are proteins made up of?
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Amino Acid
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What are four structures of protein?
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Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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List the classes of proteins
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Enzymatic, structural, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile/motor, defensive
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How are proteins joined? what is protein chain referred as?
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joined into a protein chain via peptide bonds. The protein chain is also referred to as a polypeptide.
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What are two types of secondary structures?
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Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
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What are tertiary structure?
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The 3-D shapes of the protein
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What are Quaternary Structure?
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Overall shape that result from the aggregation of polypeptide
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What is denaturing?
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Loss of functionality of a protein due to loss of it's shape subunits in group
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Wat are the causes of denaturing?
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ph changes, salt concentration, temperature, drastic chemical changes
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