Science Shepherd Biology Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Front 1

biology

Back 1

The study or science of life.

Hint 1

1.1

Front 2

organism

Back 2

An organism is the resulting structure that is formed when one or more cells are grouped together to carry on the activities of life.
1. unicellular: made up of only one cell
2. multicellular: made up of many cells
ie. one-celled bacterium to a trillion-celled human being

Hint 2

1.2

Front 3

DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 3

1. DNA is the molecule that contains the genetic material in all life forms.
2. DNA is complex molecule which instructs cells when and which proteins to produce.
3. DNA contains the information to duplicate or reproduce.
4. DNA passes from parent to offspring and serves as basis of heredity.

Hint 3

1.3

Front 4

reproduction

Back 4

Reproduction is the formation of a new organism or cell [called offspring] from already living organisms or cells in order to propagate - or spread - the species or make new cells.
ie. baby elephant, trout, human
ie. new skin cells healing a wound

Hint 4

1.4

Front 5

asexual reproduction

Back 5

1. Asexual reproduction is the production of a new organism that requires one parent.
2. Typically occurs in single-celled organisms, fungi, some plant and algae species, and tissue cells.
3. Accomplished by single cell splitting into one or more identical cells.
4. This normally does not cause any change in the genetic material from parent to offspring.
5. Similar to a photocopier making exact copies.
ie. skin cells reproduce skin cells not hair cells.
ie. amoeba does not produce a paramecium.

Hint 5

1.4

Front 6

sexual reproduction

Back 6

1. Sexual reproduction is the production of one or more offspring as a result of a male and a female of the species combining their genetic material.
2. This results in changes in genetic material from parent to offspring.
3. Traits: The offspring's traits - how the offspring looks and acts - are a combination of the male and female parents' traits.
4. The offspring is not a copy/duplicate of the parents.
ie. a puppy may be black with brown parents
ie. baby boy does not grow up as a clone of his father

Hint 6

1.4

Front 7

parent

Back 7

A parent is the organism(s) that supplies the genetic material during reproduction resulting in offspring.

Hint 7

1.4

Front 8

offspring

Back 8

An offspring is the organism that receives the genetic material and is formed as a result of reproduction.

Hint 8

1.4

Front 9

life forms

Back 9

1. All life forms are highly organized and complex structures.
2. Even "simple life forms" are complex organisms.

Hint 9

1.5

Front 10

population

Back 10

1. Organisms are grouped into populations.
2. A population is a group or collection of similar organisms that live in the same area.

ie. flock of geese by a pond
ie. piliated woodpeckers in mountains of Virginia
ie. number of people in county, state, or country
ie. number of amoebas in pond water

Hint 10

1.5

Front 11

ecosystem

Back 11

1. Populations are organized into ecosystems.
2. An ecosystem is a group of populations interacting in their environment
3. An ecosystem is the relationship between more than one population and the environment in which they live.

ie. Pond surrounded by trees with several houses on the shore in Alleghany County, Virginia would be an ecosystem with all the populations, and many more, listed under "population".

Hint 11

1.5

Front 12

responsive

Back 12

All living things are responsive, sensing changes in their environment, and reacting to those changes.

Hint 12

1.6

Front 13

environment

Back 13

An environment is the surroundings in which an organism lives.
This may be an external/outside environment (such as the rain forest) or an internal environment (such as a bacteria inside a human being making someone ill or digesting food).

Hint 13

1.6

Front 14

receptor

Back 14

1. Receptors are specialized molecules or organs that all life forms possess that allow them to sense and respond to changes in their environment.
2. These sensing and responsive abilities help organisms locate food, find shelter, find a mate, etc.

ie. eyes, ears, and chemicals in a snake's mouth
ie. lateral line system of fish

Hint 14

1.6

Front 15

energy extraction

Back 15

1. Staying alive requires energy.
2. Countless chemical reactions occur every minute in all cells which require energy.
3. All living organisms extract energy from their environment to survive and reproduce.

Hint 15

1.7

Front 16

metabolism

Back 16

Metabolism is the process by which an organism extracts energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself.

Hint 16

1.7

Front 17

photosynthesis

Back 17

1. The process by which the energy of the sun is captured and used to make sugar molecules is called photosynthesis.
2. Photo = "light" and synthesis = "combining parts to make a whole"

Hint 17

1.7

Front 18

cellular respiration

Back 18

1. The biological process of an animal or plant using sugar molecules to make energy molecules is called cellular respiration.
2. The process by which (1) producers produce their energy from the sugars they made during photosynthesis or (2) the way that consumers produce their energy from the food they eat.
3. sugar molecules ⇒ energy molecules

Hint 18

1.7

Front 19

herbivore

Back 19

An herbivore is animal that extracts it energy only from plants.
herbivore = plant eater.

Hint 19

1.7

Front 20

carnivore

Back 20

A carnivore is an animal that extracts its energy from other animals.
carnivore = meat eater

Hint 20

1.7

Front 21

omnivore

Back 21

An omnivore is an animal that can extract its energy from either plants or animals.
omnivore = plant and meat eater

Hint 21

1.7

Front 22

food chain

Back 22

The food chain is the process of the transfer of energy from the sun, to the produces, to the consumers, to the decomposers.

Hint 22

1.7

Front 23

producer

Back 23

An organism that uses photosynthesis to produce its own energy source is a producer.
All plants are examples of a producer.

Hint 23

1.7

Front 24

consumer

Back 24

An organism that uses a producer or other consumers for its energy source is a consumer.
All animals and a few plants, like the venus flytrap, are examples of consumers.

Hint 24

1.7

Front 25

decomposer

Back 25

1. An organism that derives its energy from dead organisms is a decomposer.
2. Decomposers can be carnivores who decompose by eating the remains of animals, or herbivores who decompose by eating the remains of plants, or omnivores who decompose by eating the remains of plants and animals.
3. Decomposers come in many forms including fungi, flies, and vultures. Can you think of more?

Hint 25

1.7

Front 26

homeostasis

Back 26

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in order for an organism to live, else the organism becomes sick and even dies.

ie. 98.6⁰ "normal" human body temperature
ie. reptile moves into sunlight to get warm or behind a rock to cool itself

Hint 26

1.8

Front 27

growth

Back 27

1. Each living organism grows in its life cycle.
2. Single-celled organisms grow as the cell gets larger, but can grow only so large.
3. Multi-celled organisms grow larger by producing more cells through cell reproduction

Hint 27

1.9

Front 28

classification

Back 28

1. All life forms have been assigned to groups based on their common properties.
2. These are man-made systems of classification based on observation.

Different Forms of Classification:
1. Life Function: Producers/Consumers/Decomposers
2. Energy Extraction or Food Consumption: Herbivores/Carnivores/Omnivores
3. Taxonomy: Family Group

Hint 28

1.10

Front 29

taxonomy

Back 29

1. Taxonomy is the orderly classification of plants and animals according to their observed natural relationships to one another as well as similarities in structure and function.
2. All names are in Latin.
3. Carl Linnaeus developed the taxonomy system of classification in the 18th century. He died in Sweden in 1778.

SEVEN LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
[sometime sub-Species]

SIX KINGDOMS:
Archaebacteria - live in harsh environments like the Dead Sea salt water
Eubacteria - live in neutral environments like our bodies and on food
Protista - most uni-cellular organisms like protazoa and paramecium
Fungi - large group microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms
Plantae - trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae [study of Botany]
Animalia - all living animals

Hint 29

1.10

Front 30

binomial name

Back 30

A binomial name is the two part Latin name of an organism using the genus and species.
Must be underlined or in italics.
Genus is always capitalized. Species is always in lower-case.
There is only one organism type on the earth with each binomial name.

Hint 30

1.10

Front 31

scientific method

Back 31

1. The scientific method is the systematic way accepted by all scientists to collect and analyze data.
2. Used to prove or disprove an hypothesis.
3. Scientific method explains how scientists ask and answer questions.

Hint 31

1.11

Front 32

observation

Back 32

Observation is the collection of data or facts related to the question being studied through the scientific method.

Hint 32

1.11

Front 33

hypothesis

Back 33

An hypothesis is an educated statement (or guess) based on or that explains observations.
An hypothesis statement is made early on in the scientific method.
An hypothesis needs proof to become fact.

Hint 33

1.11

Front 34

experiment or
experimentation

Back 34

1. A careful method of testing an hypothesis.
2. More and more data is collected and analyzed to test the hypothesis.
3. Two types of experimentation: observation and controlled

Two Types of Experiments:
1. Observation Experiments: The simplest form of experiment where data is collected and written down using the five senses - taste, touch, vision, smell, and hearing.
2. Controlled Experiments

Hint 34

1.11

Front 35

observation experiment

Back 35

Observation Experiment: The most simple form of experiment where data is collected and written down using the five senses - taste, touch, vision, smell, and hearing.

Hint 35

1.11

Front 36

controlled experiment

Back 36

A controlled experiment is a type of experiment in which two sets of groups are studied - a control group and an experimental group - to understand the effect of changing one condition.

1. Most experiments are controlled experiments which are designed to test the affects of ONE factor at a time in the hypothesis to see what occurs.
2. In a controlled experiment, TWO groups are studied: the control group and the experiment group.
3. The results in each group are compared to each other to see what affect the change in the variable had.
4. The controlled experiment may take a long time, even years, to test all variables under all circumstances.

Hint 36

1.11

Front 37

control group

Back 37

1. The control group is the group in a controlled experiment that is not subjected to a changed variable.
2. The control group is exposed to certain factors and the results are recorded.

Hint 37

1.11

Front 38

experiment group

Back 38

The experiment group is exposed to the same factors as the control group, but one variable is changed. The results are recorded.

Hint 38

1.11

Front 39

variable

Back 39

The variable is the factor that is changed in a controlled experiment.

Hint 39

1.11

Front 40

theory

Back 40

1. When a large amount of data is collected and remains consistent with the hypothesis statement, then the hypothesis becomes a theory.
2. An hypothesis which has undergone extensive experimentation and has been found to completely explain a question becomes a theory.
3. If the data is not consistent then (a) either the hypothesis needs to be reformulated, or (b) the hypothesis needs to be discarded.

Hint 40

1.12

Front 41

International System of Measurement

Back 41

1. A standard set of units that are used by all scientists around the world.
2. Standard units of measure allow one scientist to get the same results as another scientist.
3. Standard units are called SI Units or the metric system.
4. Standard units are used in base unit and derived unit measurement.

Hint 41

1.13

Front 42

base units of measure

Back 42

Base units are directly measurable:
time - second (s)
length - meter (m)
mass - kilogram (kg)
electric current - ampere (A)
amount of substance - mole (mol)
luminous intensity - candela (cd)
thermodynamic temperature - kelvin (K)

Hint 42

1.13

Front 43

derived units of measure

Back 43

Derived units are the calculated results of mathematical relationships between base units or other derived units:
surface area - square meter (m²)
volume - cubic meter (m³)
Celsius temperature - degree Celsius (⁰C)
velocity
mass density
etc....

Hint 43

1.13

Front 44

microscope

Back 44

A microscope is an instrument that produces enlarged images of very small objects.

Hint 44

1.14

Front 45

light microscope

Back 45

1. The light microscope is the standard microscope in scientific use.
2. A system of connected lenses which acquires an image by (a) reflecting light off of or (b) shining light through the object to "illuminate" or "light up" the small object so that the enlarged image may be seen through the lens or on a television/compute screen.

Hint 45

1.14

Front 46

magnification

Back 46

Magnification is the amount by which an image is enlarged by a microscope.
ie. 40x or 100x where "x" means 40 times larger or 100 times larger.

Hint 46

1.14

Front 47

resolution

Back 47

Resolution is the ability to see an image's fine detail under magnification.
The light microscope is limited to 2000x because magnifying the object more causes a blurry image.

Hint 47

1.15

Front 48

electron microscope

Back 48

1. An electron microscope bounces a beam of electrons, instead of light, off of an object to acquire the image.
2. The image is not collected in a glass lens but in magnetic lenses, converted into a signal, and displayed on a screen.
3. The electron microscope allows for magnification up to 200,000x.

Hint 48

1.15

Front 49

PEOPLE OF SCIENCE:
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632 - 1723)
Inventor of the Microscope

Back 49

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch janitor with a hobby of grinding lens, making ones so small he became the first person to see bacteria, yeast, muscle fibers, and blood flowing through vessels. The study of biology was changed by the invention of the microscope.

Hint 49

1.16

Front 50

#1 Key Chapter Point

Back 50

Every organism which is alive shares the following properties:
1. they are made up of one or more cells; [1.2]
2. they contain DNA; [1.3]
3. they reproduce; [1.4]
4. they are complex and organized; [1.5]
5. they are responders to their environment; [1.6]
6. they extract energy from their surroundings; [1.7]
7. they maintain homeostasis; [1.8]
8. they grow. [1.9]

Hint 50

1.17

Front 51

#2 Key Chapter Point

Back 51

All organisms are classified using the seven level, six kingdom system of taxonomy. [1.10]

Hint 51

1.17

Front 52

#3 Key Chapter Point

Back 52

Biology, as a science, is subject to the scientific method. [1.11-1.12]

Hint 52

1.17

Front 53

#4 Key Chapter Point

Back 53

SI units (ie. the metric system) are standardized units of measurement used in all scientific studies. [1.13]

Hint 53

1.17

Front 54

#5 Key Chapter Point

Back 54

Many instruments are used to make scientific observations. One of the most important in biology is the microscope. [1.14]

Hint 54

1.17

Front 55

#6 Key Chapter Point

Back 55

Electron microscopes have much better resolution than light microscopes. [1.15]

Hint 55

1.17