Science Review Ch. 5 Lessons: 1-3

Front 1

Define heredity

Back 1

The passing of traits from parents offspring

Front 2

Define genetics

Back 2

The study of heredity (how traits are are passed from parents to offspring)

Front 3

What did people used to think about heredity?

Back 3

People used to believe in the idea of blending inheritance (traits mixing like colors of paint)

Front 4

Define self-pollination

Back 4

Pollen from one plant lands on the flower's pistol of the same plant

Front 5

Define cross-pollination

Back 5

When wind, water, or animals carry pollen from one plant to the pistol of another plant

Front 6

What did Mendel get when he self-pollinated true-breeding (purebred) plants?

Back 6

The offspring were identical to parent plant (same exact traits)

Front 7

What did Mendel get when he cross-pollinated different colors of true-breeding (purebred) plants?

Back 7

The dominant trait showed up for the first generation of the flowers

Front 8

Define hybrid

Back 8

Different version of the same trait (the resulting offspring from crossing purple w/ white)

Front 9

What did Mendel get when he cross-pollinated two purple hybrid plants?

Back 9

He got purple and white flowers.

Front 10

What did Mendel conclude about inherited traits?

Back 10

• He observed the same results when he cross-pollinated pea plants for other traits.

• He observed that offspring of hybrid crosses always showed traits in a 3:1 ratio

Front 11

Define dominant trait

Back 11

A trait that blocks another trait

Front 12

Define dominant trait

Back 12

A trait that blocks another trait

Front 13

Define recessive trait

Back 13

A trait that's being blocked by another trait

Front 14

Where do the factors come from?

Back 14

The egg (female) and sperm (male)

Front 15

Where do the factors come from?

Back 15

The egg (female) and sperm (male)

Front 16

Why were ratios important in Mendel's work?

Back 16

They showed the relationship between two different things.

Front 17

Where do the factors come from?

Back 17

The egg (female) and sperm (male)

Front 18

Why were ratios important in Mendel's work?

Back 18

They showed the relationship between two different things.

Front 19

What letters represents dominant and recessive?

Back 19

Dominant: capitol letter

Recessive: lowercase letter

Front 20

What method did Mendel use to select which plants pollinated other plants?

Back 20

Cross-pollination

Front 21

What are chromosomes made out of?

Back 21

Coiled up DNA

Front 22

What are chromosomes made out of?

Back 22

Coiled up DNA

Front 23

Define genes

Back 23

Segments of DNA for one trait

Front 24

What are chromosomes made out of?

Back 24

Coiled up DNA

Front 25

Define genes

Back 25

Segments of DNA for one trait

Front 26

What does DNA store

Back 26

Genetic information

Front 27

Define alleles

Back 27

Different forms of a gene

Front 28

Define alleles

Back 28

Different forms of a gene

Front 29

Define phenotype

Back 29

How a trait physically appears

Front 30

Define alleles

Back 30

Different forms of a gene

Front 31

Define phenotype

Back 31

How a trait physically appears

Front 32

Define genotype

Back 32

The 2 alleles (genes) that control the phenotype of a trait

Front 33

Define alleles

Back 33

Different forms of a gene

Front 34

Define phenotype

Back 34

How a trait physically appears

Front 35

Define genotype

Back 35

The 2 alleles (genes) that control the phenotype of a trait

Front 36

Define homozygous

Back 36

Same alleles

Front 37

Define alleles

Back 37

Different forms of a gene

Front 38

Define phenotype

Back 38

How a trait physically appears

Front 39

Define genotype

Back 39

The 2 alleles (genes) that control the phenotype of a trait

Front 40

Define homozygous

Back 40

Same alleles

Ex. AA or aa

Front 41

Define heterozygous

Back 41

Different alleles

Ex. Aa

Front 42

How can inheritance be modeled?

Back 42

With a Punnett square or pedigree

Front 43

How can inheritance be modeled?

Back 43

With a Punnett square or pedigree

Front 44

Define Punnett square

Back 44

A model used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Front 45

How can inheritance be modeled?

Back 45

With a Punnett square or pedigree

Front 46

Define Punnett square

Back 46

A model used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Front 47

What does a pedigree do?

Back 47

A pedigree shows phenotypes of genetically related family members.

Front 48

How can inheritance be modeled?

Back 48

With a Punnett square or pedigree

Front 49

Define Punnett square

Back 49

A model used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Front 50

What does a pedigree do?

Back 50

A pedigree shows phenotypes of genetically related family members.

Front 51

What does being affected and unaffected mean in a pedigree?

Back 51

• Unaffected (not shaded): dominant trait

• Affected traits (shaded): recessive trait

Front 52

Define incomplete dominance

Back 52

When the offspring's phenotype is a blend of the parents' phenotypes

Front 53

Define incomplete dominance

Back 53

When the offspring's phenotype is a blend of the parents' phenotypes

Front 54

Define codominance

Back 54

Occurs when both alleles can be observed in a phenotype

Front 55

Define incomplete dominance

Back 55

When the offspring's phenotype is a blend of the parents' phenotypes

Front 56

Define codominance

Back 56

Occurs when both alleles can be observed in a phenotype

Front 57

Define polygenetic inheritance

Back 57

Occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait

Ex. Skin color, eye color

Front 58

Define multiple alleles

Back 58

When some traits are determined by more than one allele

Ex. Blood type ABO

Front 59

Define DNA

Back 59

An organism's genetic material, made up of nucleotides

• deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 60

Scientists that contributed to the understanding of DNA

Back 60

Rosalind Franklin

Maurice Wilkins

Erwin Chargaff

James Watson

Francis Crick

Front 61

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

Back 61

Helped show what DNA looks like by working with X-rays

Front 62

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

Back 62

Helped show what DNA looks like by working with X-rays

Front 63

What did Maurice Wilkins do?

Back 63

He worked with Rosalind Franklin

Front 64

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

Back 64

Helped show what DNA looks like by working with X-rays

Front 65

What did Maurice Wilkins do?

Back 65

He worked with Rosalind Franklin

Front 66

What did Erwin Chargaff do?

Back 66

Discovered base-pairings of A-T and C-G

Front 67

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

Back 67

Helped show what DNA looks like by working with X-rays

Front 68

What did Maurice Wilkins do?

Back 68

He worked with Rosalind Franklin

Front 69

What did Erwin Chargaff do?

Back 69

Discovered base-pairings of A-T and C-G

Front 70

What did James Watson and Francis Crick do?

Back 70

They determined DNA's double helix trait and were awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1962

Front 71

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

Back 71

Helped show what DNA looks like by working with X-rays

Front 72

What did Maurice Wilkins do?

Back 72

He worked with Rosalind Franklin

Front 73

What did Erwin Chargaff do?

Back 73

Discovered base-pairings of A-T and C-G

Front 74

What did James Watson and Francis Crick do?

Back 74

They determined DNA's double helix trait and were awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1962

Front 75

What is the structure of DNA?

Back 75

DNA is shaped like a double helix, which is like a twisted ladder

Front 76

Define nucleotide

Back 76

A molecule made of nitrogen bases and sugar-phosphate groups

Front 77

How many nucleotides are there and what are they called?

Back 77

There are 4 and they're called adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and guanine (G)

Front 78

Define replication

Back 78

Process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule

Front 79

Define replication

Back 79

Process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule

Front 80

Define mutation

Back 80

Occurs when the sequence of nucleotides is changed in a gene

• Insertion - more added

• Deletion - some deleted

• Substitution - some swapped