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62 Cards in this Set

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positive eugenics
focuses on the promotion of idealized reproduction by individuals considered to have desirable or superior traits
negative eugenics
centered around the prevention of reproduction by individuals considered to have undesirable traits
william whewell
coined the term "scientist" in 1834...it marks the professionalization (payment for your work) and divided into specialist branches. with this came the definition of an expert (qualified to speak on particular topics, as opposed to those who are qualified or "generally" educated). by the mid 19th century, we had experts as a social role...devotion to a particular branch of knowledge
-People were critical of the term. Objected to the term Physicist and scientists. Lord Calvin objected to it and said they should be called Naturalists. Felt that physicist and scientists were awkward and it was assumed it came from the United States, seen as corrupting the English language.
-There was a public debate on the term scientists by the end of the century in which the editor asked people for their views on it. The editor asked 8 prominent scientists for their opinions. There were differing opinions, but by 1910, the term scientist became seen as an honor, but among non-natural discipline (political science, social
frederick jackson turner
developed frontier theory. He argued that the moving western frontier shaped American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890. he questioned the idea of modernity...As each generation of pioneers moved 50 to 100 miles west, they abandoned useless European practices, institutions and ideas, and instead found new solutions to new problems created by their new environment. Over multiple generations, the frontier produced characteristics of informality, violence, crudeness, democracy and initiative that the world recognized as "American".

Turner ignored gender and race, downplayed class, and left no room for victims
metrology
science of measures and standards
-coins were a problem, weights were a problem. How far is a foot? Astronomers looking to see where a stars position were and the distance between two points on earth, no clear distance made it difficult to know where. Times across the earth, different clocks, etc made long distance travel hard. Metrology is getting things the same across space. Needs not just science to make these goods, but also a social achievement to get things together. Before the 19th century, as long as people near you had the same weights that was okay, but with technology development that allowed long distance travel there was a greater need for metrology.
-Meetings of 17 nations met up to discuss the meter, so that everyone would have the same meter. Initially it was not going to be arbitrary it was going to be 1 ten millionths of the circumference of the earth. So scientists all over tried to measure the circumference of the earth. So the replication of meter bars across the work, using the unive
fordism
ford - mass production
-characteristically american automobile
-1896 - designer and driver of racing cars
-1903 - formation of ford motor company
-light, low price, high quality
-in the factory, workers specialized in manufacturing one part of the car…so ford did not have to hire high skilled employees
-assembly line made things efficient
-model t was built using variable parts so that if one part broke, you could replace the part as opposed to the replacing the whole car
-change in engineering practices not only speeds up production but changes experience of consumers as well
The change in engineering practices not only sped up production, let more people work and were able to buy cars. People were able to live in places other than the city and were not limited to living near streetcars or in walking distance. So the household arrangements changed as well because of Ford's production process.
taylorism
taylor's fundamental concept was to design a concept for men and machines that would be treated like machines (well-oiled)
-his reform specified that the engineering divisions take over responsibility from the foreman (overall preparation, ordering materials, etc)…uperly mobile young graduates would soon displace their fathers (foreman) on shop floors. the engineering division would order parts and figure out which components to put together. this meant careful records could be kept on each part being produced in the plant and careful records could be kept on products consumed
-planning dept would have overall picture of parts, time, and materials that went through the shop. **allowed for good cost accounting…from upper levels of cost production down to the lowest levels
Good cost accounting came out of Taylorism. Brought the science of accounting not only in the cost part of the corporation, but down to its lowest levels of material production. That's on the shop floor, but the thing about Taylorism is
progressivism
Progressivismswant to do things in a scientific way, there were nativists who thought that America could be made better by only allowing Anglos into the country. Some thought that a prohibition on alcohol would help, suffragists wanted to extend voting rights to women, muckrakers wanted to weed out vice. People wanted secret ballots for democracy, more information on birth control.
-Progressivists believed in centralized state and epistomic moral authority of science…intellectuals should guide moral and economic progress
-progressivism, fordism, taylorism all kind of go together
-Believed that science was the basis of knowledge. Intellectuals should guide social and economic progress. So this belief was erected on the indifference and incorruptibility of experts on technocracy, and a faith and expertise on social good.
-wanted rule by experts over democratic solutions
frank gilbreth
pioneer of motion study
Gilbreth served in the U.S. Army during World War I. His assignment was to find quicker and more efficient means of assembling and disassembling small arms.
-disciple of taylor
- Frank Gilbreth pushed management to its highest level using cameras and stopwatches.
Francis Galton
names eugenics, promotes it as the science of selectively breeding humans
-popular in canada, us (1910), england (1907), great britain
-Galton was talking about applying a science of breeing and scientific principals
to human princiapsl.
-Francis Galton wanted to see if heredity backgrounds could be directed.
He had to determine what was genetic or from the environment? How do you get muscles, character, intelligence, beauty? He asked all of these questions and had to create a science
to determine this. If height is inherited, how do you tell? Sibling are rarely the same height as each other or their parents. How do you say that height is inherited then?
-What he ended up doing was creating a major nbranch of statistics, in order to show major sources of correltation between height
sizes of parents to offspring.
johnson reed act of 1924
developed quotas and how many people could immigrate to the us due to country of origin. immigration act.
-Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, eugenics led into this. Eugenics was not the creator of the immigration restriction act, but was part of a cultural movement towards this. Congressional leaders and Coolidge thought that the wrong kind of immigration would cause problems in their country.
Conference on Science philosophy and religion
come together every year and blame each other for facis
-david lilienthal: tennessee valley authority (helped modernized "backward" part of america)
1943: attributed WW2 to disunity produced by modern culture (Evident at these debates): not just allied or axis…but there are high degrees of division in knowledge. pointed to variety of experts at TN valley authority…so many specialists…how do they talk to each other? they can't…so this is what led to WW2
-scientific expertise has become a barrier to efficient communication…prevented people from different trainings from understanding each other. and this is the type of thing that leads to war
-not only was this view common at the conference, it happened elsewhere as well
-unable to agree
-critical in their views to define a common culture for American society
-what were the views they represented? how do we get knowledge? how do we trust it? is it supposed to be acquired through free spirited inquiry or spiritual and religious values? which leads to
david lilienthal
director of tennessee valley authority
-said WW2 happened because of disunity in modern culture
-TVA: Goal to bring electricity and other forms of modernization to TN valley (one of the most poorest areas of America..appalachian region)
-created many hydroelectric dams (many aesthetically pleasing objects in the dam)
(helped modernized "backward" part of america)
He meant that the modern world had been fragmented by higher degrees of specialization. He says that the TVA has people working on all sorts of sciences who might have difficulty talking to each other, and if we have this issue in the TVA, this led to WWII. He said that it created a barrier between cultural unity, and this is the kind of thing that leads to war.
"Big Science"
-given to gigantism associated with science...scientific persona changes
-big science institutions can contain thousands of people (as opposed to newton in his lab alone)
-many projects were combos of smaller offices
-bureaucratic science (teamwork, hierarchy, management, technology)
why the 30s? in part it had to do with a growing public fascination with large projects (impressive projects..such as golden gate bridge, empire state building, hoover dam)
-public investment was a social good
-big science was a project part of the period (which includes the depression)
-explains transition from newton to oppenheimer (manhattan project)
-Controversial, people complained about it because it changed the life of science. Compromises because of the scientific committee, have to ask permission to work on their projects. Issues of using space and time of others for a projects. People said that the involvement of bureaucrats suppressed imagination and turned scientists into factory workers. Replaced individual
Ptolemy
mathematical astronomer that developed model of geocentric cosmos (earth at center)…functional for 1500 years and used for making calendars…replaced in 15th-17th century (copernicus, galileo, newton, keener)
-difference in photo of Ptolemy v. Newton…ptolemy is a lot more extravagant..newton looks more intellectual, serious..loner, ascetic (suggests scientist is non-social and incorruptible by social activity…so they are considered to be truth tellers), absent minded
Isaac Newton
late 17th C…mathematical physicist..helped create new cosmos (sun at center)…gravity, invented calculus
-difference in photo of Ptolemy v. Newton…ptolemy is a lot more extravagant..newton looks more intellectual, serious..loner, ascetic (suggests scientist is non-social and incorruptible by social activity…so they are considered to be truth tellers), absent minded
-newton represents hermit scientist, especially in "Big science" phase
-we have Issac Newton, sober, natural philospher, creator of physics, Newton's Laws. Much of the work that he did on inventing calculus were done in his private house while a plague was going on. Charles Darwin, sage, brilliant man, country gentleman, revolutionized how we understand the biological world. As we began the class, we talked about the rise of modernity and the rise of a new kind of role for scientists, indicate the improtance of bureaucracy and profession. Thomas Huxley was paid for his work, advocated Darwinism.
-how do we get from newton to oppenheimer? big s
-vannevar bush
chairman of NDRC (prez of carneggie institute of wa)
The OSRD is a branch of the NDRC.
--after invasion of poland in 39, bush organized a bunch of scientists (conant, richard tollman from caltech, another from MIT) to argue that the US needed ton ring together scientists and military agencies in order to have a leading research and developing arm..should the US be involved in war (proactive scientific development/organization)
-FDR then founded the NDRC, june 27 1940
-divided into a bunch of sections: detection of radar, fire control (anti aircraft guns, guided missiles), sound
-in order to organize the NDRC, bush and con ant hired several people that came from philanthropic organizations (carneggie and rockefeller foundations, for example)…for warren weaver, his goal was to organize science for war as kind of a bureaucracy and saw cross pollination between scientific fields. his funding responsible for creating field of molecular biology….weaver concerned with how we can get humans and machines to int
tennessee valley authority
(helped modernized "backward" part of america)
-TVA: Goal to bring electricity and other forms of modernization to TN valley (one of the most poorest areas of America..appalachian region)
-created many hydroelectric dams (many aesthetically pleasing objects in the dam)
Charles Eliot
-Harvard created as a theological school where most people are studying liberal arts.
-he created a problem that people in the 1920s and 30s thought was causing WWII
-Eliot believes there's a problem: there's new knowledge (science, chemistry)…and students should be able to choose what classes to take
-Pretty soon they developed an elective system where students could take whatever classes they wanted…and because there wasn't much focus, majors were created. but that would make it so that people were too specialized
-cafeteria education: not necessarily eating a balanced meal, but also classes i've taken doesn't mean you've taken them too
-so how do we solve this probleM? liberal education and general education
Christina morgan
helped develop personality testing
-There is a new science, instead fo intelligence testing they have personality testing. Christina Morgan and Henry Murray, this test was designed to determine who would be in the OSS predecessor to the CIA. Trying to find intelligence officers, wanted personality tests to determine who would be the most reliable. The Rorschach tests, the Tehmaic Apperception Test (TAT) was used to get people to tell a story based on a vague picture to see what kind of people would be ideal to serve .
manhattan project
Thinking about the Manhattan Project, given a bit about big science and the range of places it occurs. Small science was optimized by Newton and table top experiments that could be done by one person. One of the ways this was deeloped was that common targets were bombarded by neutrons. In 1938, this was confirmed to be fission. Report that uranium splitting generated a lot of energy and two neutrons. The question was that if two netrons come out, could those be split into two more and even more energy? You would have doubling every time this comes out? A letter to the Journal of Nature, noted that a bomb could be possible if all neutrons hit other atoms. The war is on the frontlines. People are starting to stockpile uranium. By 1941, von Heisenburg was running the German bid for the bomb, was working on atomic pile. So, by October 1941, Bohr was approached by Germans about atomic energy and relayed this information to the Allies. Einstein and Leo Szilard. The NDRC had been working on the question of atomic e
leo szilard
came to einstein w/ info that germans were working on atomic energy and asked him to sign a message to us saying they needed to catch up. this kicked off the manhattan project
Educational Policies Commission
put out a statement saying that WW2 not caused by evil men but largely caused by science and technology…so EPC recommended curricular edits. idea as if you change education, you can unify american culture and solve the issues that was making the war happen
-Members: Dwight Eisenhower (before he became president), president of Harvard
-resolution of debate would determine not only what happens in the classroom but also what kind of students would be molded
-what kind of minds made for proper citizens? what kind of individuals would be the guardians for america and democracy?
Robert Hutchins
(liberal education)
-re-emphasizing great books of the western condition: comes out of a core curriculum that was developed during WW1 for army officers that were taking classes at columbia; idea: americans that were going over to europe to fight should know what they were fighting for
-americans are fighting for long running values that we shared w/ britain and france
-great books curriculum: purest version is that everybody would take the same classes, reading only the classics
-math? euclid. physics? newton. not contemporary. the bible, homer, shakespeare..everyone takes the same thing
-very closely associated w/ catholic(religious) views…identification with good and right and the values that students were supposed to get from it

-Dewey responds to this and says: job of education is not to learn values ahead of time but to be critical and question authority
james b. conant
thought that the job of general education is to allow everyone to learn a little bit about all skills, and then go on to a specialized focus
how do we deal with the question of science?
-think of science as a set of mental traits: a set of skills similar to those that you would learn when learning literature
-job of general education in con ant's view (and the comitte he appointed): instead of everyone learning the same view, rather the job is that we all learn a little bit of all the mental skills...
-we're all experts, according to con ant's committee: there are standards and style for any type of activity, and the educated demand should be something from sound from shotty work (outside from his own field): if you have general education, you can tell what is good chemistry, who is a good basketball player, who is a good artist…aim of general education that is should allow you to recognize competence in every field
john scopes
-July 10, 1925, Dayton TN - population 1800
-John Thomas Scopes went on trial for teaching Darwin's theory of education in a public classroom
-he was new to town
-hottest summer in a long time, 1st trial ever covered by by the broadcast media
-evolution was about to go on trial
-science v. religion; faith v. agnosticism
-darwin v. genesis
-darwinian textbooks are common but people are commenting by saying "you can't make a monkey out of me"
-TN became 1st state in union to outlaw teachings of evolution: crime to to teach evolutionary theory
-it didn't change anything but it was important to pass it because it was symbolic: who's right, who's legitimate (religion was, not darwin)
-Scopes is found guilty and given minimum penalty ($100)…trial ends amicably
-Lead prosecutor dies in his sleep a few days later
-two years later, case is overturned due to a technicality…judge wasn't supposed to give sentence, jurors were
-by the butler act, it was overturned in 1967…a teacher was fired and they consid
butler act
-July 10, 1925, Dayton TN - population 1800
-John Thomas Scopes went on trial for teaching Darwin's theory of education in a public classroom
-he was new to town
-hottest summer in a long time, 1st trial ever covered by by the broadcast media
-evolution was about to go on trial
-science v. religion; faith v. agnosticism
-darwin v. genesis
-darwinian textbooks are common but people are commenting by saying "you can't make a monkey out of me"
-TN became 1st state in union to outlaw teachings of evolution: crime to to teach evolutionary theory
-it didn't change anything but it was important to pass it because it was symbolic: who's right, who's legitimate (religion was, not darwin)
-Scopes is found guilty and given minimum penalty ($100)…trial ends amicably
-Lead prosecutor dies in his sleep a few days later
-two years later, case is overturned due to a technicality…judge wasn't supposed to give sentence, jurors were
-by the butler act, it was overturned in 1967…a teacher was fired and they consid
-Scientific Persona
what kind of person is a scientist supposed to be? personality traits? how can you recognize such a person? what is the distinction between a good and bad scientist? you look at social roles

-social roles: jobs (for example, servers…they are expected to act a certain way in order to ensure a certain experience)
alfred binet
how do we know if the students are going to be successful in school?
-took a group of students who were successful and a group that weren't and wrote a test that showed that the students who were doing well would generally do well on this test (and vice versa)
-invented first intelligence test (IQ test)
-short test which would reproduce results people already knew
-non standardized
-french
-inspired goddard
fat man
names of bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki: little boy (hiroshima) and fat man (nagasaki)
Robert K Merton
Scientific ethos:
-honesty
-integrity
-organized skepticism
-disinterestedness
louis brandeis
brandeis argued during eastern raid case in which railroads sought to raise their rates that railroads should bring in scientific management instead to increase profitability
Hanford, Washington
site for developing plutonium for manhattan project
rockefeller foundation
funds to develop schools…helped fund molecular biology today
henry herbert goddard
brought binet's test to america
In 1906, Goddard worked at the school for feeble minded girls and boys. Little attention had been paid to mental deficient. The problem was that over the course of the 19th century there was no clear diagnosis but no treatment. Some people thought that it was caused by physical handicaps or epilepsy. The question that Henry Herbert Goddard brought was what was the fundamental cause for the mental deficiencies he saw. What he tried to do was see if they was a correlation between the two. He created a measurement between involuntary motions. He spent years looking to see a way to classify students abilities. The ability to thread a needle. Is this correlated with mental abilities? The problem with these tests didn't seem to fit with the judgments of the staff. It was not as accurate as Binet's tests. His groups, idiots, imbeciles and morons were classified as groups.
-influence on army alpha/beta tests
-no clear diagnosis for mental deficiency and no clear way to treat it
-r
lewis terman
1877-1956
(refined binet's original test) He is best known as the inventor of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and the initiator of the longitudinal study of children with high IQs called the Genetic Studies of Genius.[1] He was a prominent eugenicist and was a member of the Human Betterment Foundation.
The first mass administration of IQ testing was done with 1.7 million soldiers during World War I, when Terman served in a psychological testing role with the United States military. Terman was able to work with other applied psychologists to categorize army recruits. The recruits were given group intelligence tests which took about an hour to administer. Testing options included Army alpha, a text-based test, and Army beta, a picture-based test for nonreaders. 25% could not complete the Alpha test.[3] The examiners scored the tests on a scale ranging from "A" through "E".
Recruits who earned scores of "A" would be trained as officers while those who earned scores of "D" and "E" would never receive officer train
Haakon Maurice Chevalier
Chevalier met Oppenheimer in 1937 at Berkeley while he was an associate professor of Romance languages. Together, Chevalier and Oppenheimer, would found the Berkeley branch of a teachers' union, which sponsored benefits for leftist causes.[2]
Chevalier was accused of approaching Oppenheimer in 1942 and seeking information about nuclear power for the Soviet Union on behalf of George Eltenton. This encounter would later become one of the key issues in Oppenheimer's security hearings in front of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1954 which resulted in the revocation of his security clearance.[3]
Chevalier is interviewed in The Day After Trinity (1981), an Oscar-nominated documentary about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the atomic bomb.
alfred russel wallace
1823-1913
british..best known for independently conceiving theory of evolution through natural selection, which prompted darwin to publish his own ideas in "on the origin of species"
-why do some die and some live? And the answer was clearly, on the whole the best fitted live ... and considering the amount of individual variation that my experience as a collector had shown me to exist, then it followed that all the changes necessary for the adaptation of the species to the changing conditions would be brought about ... In this way every part of an animals organization could be modified exactly as required, and in the very process of this modification the unmodified would die out, and thus the definite characters and the clear isolation of each new species would be explained"
Darwin's social and scientific status was far greater than Wallace's, and it was unlikely that, without Darwin, Wallace's views on evolution would have been taken seriously. Lyell and Hooker's arrangement relegated Wallace to the posi
margaret sanger
1879-1966
popularized the term birth control, opened first birth control clinic in the US, and established planned parenthood
Sanger's efforts contributed to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case which legalized contraception in the United States. Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of birth control and has also been criticized for supporting eugenics, but remains an iconic figure in the American reproductive rights movement.
vannevar bush
1890-1974
an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, whose most important contribution was as head of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during World War II, through which almost all wartime military R&D was carried out, including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project. His office was considered one of the key factors in winning the war.
As Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), and later Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), Bush coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. Bush was a well-known policymaker and public intellectual during World War II, when he was in effect the first presidential science advisor. As head of NDRC and OSRD, he initiated the Manhattan Project,
-played critical role in persuading us gov to undertake crash program to create an atomic bomb
Charles Benedict Davenport
1866-1944
-prominent american eugenicist and biologist
-founded eugenics record office @ cold spring harbor lab...financed by rockefeller family as well as carnegie institution
-1898-became director of cold spring harbor lab, where he founded the eugenics record office in 1910. he began to study human heredity there, and much of his effort was later turned to promoting eugenics
Davenport founded the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations (IFEO) in 1925, with Eugen Fischer as chairman of the Commission on Bastardization and Miscegenation
technological determinism
reductionist theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values.
thomas malthus
-widely known for his theories about population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors
-sooner or later, population gets checked by famine and disease
-dangers of population growth...population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically
-charles darwin and wallace read his works and it was an intellectual stepping stone to the idea of natural selection
-When the population of laborers grows faster than the production of food, real wages fall because the growing population causes the cost of living (i.e., the cost of food) to go up. Difficulties of raising a family eventually reduce the rate of population growth, until the falling population again leads to higher real wages:
aristotle
came up with techne, praxis, and episteme to indicate different ways of knowing things (indicate moral and political values of well). it is a hierarchy of human labor
-episteme (applying theoretical knowledge to changing things) is higher up than techne (practice of craft)
-but what about artillery, atomic bombs, oil production? this is all really powerful, and one of the questions people ask if you can have valid, virtuous knowledge in the world. Although there are these distinct categories, separation is not so easy in practice
techne, episteme, praxis
indicate different ways of knowing things. Indicate moral and political values as well. It is also a hierarchy of human labor. So techne, is something done by people involved in material production. They make, use and know about technology. Potters, weavers. Not necessarily something that everyone knows how to do for example. Techne is a practice of craft, knowledge of machines, used to solve a particular problem or serve a specific function. Also the collection of tools, procedures, etc. Pretty much technology in the modern sense. The reason why this contains a political aspect is that the problem is that they didn't have the right kind of knowledge to determine how the nation should run. Praxis requires judgment which is required in uncertain situations (not knowing how to make pots over and over again). The practice of politics, being a general, being a lawyer, etc. Being a lawyer is applying law to uncertain situations. Episteme, applying theoretical knowledge to changing things. This was in a hierarchy.
adolphe quetelet
-uses binomial distribution to look at the distribution of species
-he used this type of thinking to look at people
-he creates the idea of an average man, anyone outside of that is a defect. influences galton and eventually eugenics
binomial distribution
-developed by adolphe quetelet and furthered by galton
-uses binomial distribution to look at the distribution of species
-he used this type of thinking to look at people
-he creates the idea of an average man, anyone outside of that is a defect. influences galton and eventually eugenics
walter lippman
-most influential journalists in america
-dewey v. lippman regarding education
-dewey thought intelligence couldn't be explained as an individual item
-lippman thought success in school not necessarily correlate with success in life but agreed against intelligence tests but for different ways
-lippman thought public was ill informed and democracy was meditated by ppl not having direct access and citizens formed their beliefs through the arguments of others
-because we have to refer to experts, the public would really need to be informed to be able to influence the gov
-believed elites and elite would serve society as a whole, and ultimately decisions would not be made my public
-dewey argued against this saying anyone could be an expert by using the scientific methods
phrenology
The science of phrenology is inveted and discovered in German, spread to Britian and then to America and Franch. By the 1860s ad
1870s it was the most popular in the Americas. It is the study of seperate character traits and localization in parts of the brain. It was thought that someone could judge your traits based on
skull measurements. They could not measure brains directly in living people.

careful instruments would be made to measure heads.
herbert spencer
coins the term survival of the fittest. Spencer argued that it explained the supremacy of European peoples. It was used to oppose Chinese argument in the US in 1880s. Said that Chinese could live on wages that would debase other men, and concerns that the West Coast would become Chinese.

People of British in the US would consider themselves native, but it depends on what time. Germans were initially considered non-native. Then Italians,Greeks, etc. This kind of view allowed people to develop an international world population study and population control measures. The first meeting in 1919 the US Immigration Restriction League met.
-johnseed reed act of 1924, eugenics
thomas malthus
So Thomas Malthus, a British political theorist, his main contribution was to posit the contribution of scarcity on the population. Said that charity was misplaced. Compared the poor to uninvited guests to nature's feast.
-Darwin gets the idea from Malthus that the struggle in everyday life led to the general population changes. This becomes the mechanism for evolution through natural selection. One of the key arguments for Malthus is that the British should not support poor laws or look upon social welfare laws for the Irish. This goes from Malthus to Darwin to Herbert Spencer who actually coins the term survival of the fittest.
mental age
-growing reliance on science eliminates need for character questions
- Intelligence tests were given to officers, they would be judged and promoted based
on their results of their intelligences tests. Army Alpha for officers, Beta for general soldiers. Results said that the average mental age of soldiers was 13. The tests were standardized on the Army. The average
score was similar to those that 13 year olds would get. In order to get this, you have to undrestand what kind of 13 year olds were taking the test and what kind of people were taking it after.
Everyone between a mental age of 8-12 was considered a moron by Goddard's findings. It means that half of the nation is a moron or worse. So let's talk about the average mental ages and the nationalities that were seen
as having certain average ages of 10-12 for example. It found that many had a mental age of 10 or below. These results were interpreted
in a number of age. The tests found that African Americans in the North did better than those in the
army alpha and beta tests
intelligence tests given to soldiers...would be promoted based on the results
-alpha for officers, beta for general soldiers
-avg mental age of soldiers was 13
-applied geographical analysis and realized african americans and whites did better in the north than those in the south
-# of years in america would change their score...this allowed galton to say that intelligence was a family characteristic
-EUGENICS
replacement accounting
Replacement accounting was developed in order to note how train and railroads lost value over time due to depreciation.
Pure Food and Drug Act
gave to government experts the ability to police goods and to police goods over their safety. This is a concern we'll see more over time. Inn the hands of the government, officials became a policing force.
long distance rail
It was not simply a matter of steam and diesel engine. It was financed by the federal government and backed by loans and guarantees. The government promised the ability to borrow money from investors, the companies had no assets, value etc at start up. But since the government backed these loans, they were backed at principal and interest. The railroads would go across the country, increase industrial capacity, etc. Would be built on US or American Indian land. The railroads received space of the lands as well as on either side to sell for money. 12000 acres were given for every mile built. In terms of the US, the Union Pacific got the amount of land of New Hampshire and New Jersey combined. Etc etc. I say all of this to show how the social structure of the government helps to extend another social structure.
corporations
Some citizens felt that corporations were undemocratic. Corporations were given privileges that citizens do not have. Corporations were seen as only allowable for public utilities. People questioned the need for corporations in the time of railroads, especially when they used public money, why would the benefits and the profit from these railroads go into private hands? Coal mining companies, ones not incorporated, said that it was unfair because they could not raise the same levels of money, others complained that corporations moved money around and often away from local communities.

One of the things that corporations do is separate owners from risk and move money around and it is an important piece of social technology. What corporations do because of their scale is create a number of other sciences. The sciences of accounting. Replacement accounting was developed in order to note how train and railroads lost value over time due to depreciation. What accounting does is allow corporations balance speed
leslie groves
helped with manhattan project built pentagon, known for building things quickly
OWI
Social Psychology in WWII, the OWI, Office of War information was used to determine the state of culture in different countries. Where were the German and Japanese countries most weak. Opinion tests on the American public, if the public would buy bonds to help the government. Americans used this to judge Japanese culture, anthropologists studied Japan. Anthropologists felt that if the emporer was left in place there would be a peaceful transfer of power. There is a lot more going on than the Manhattan Project going on at this time.
max weber
-gave a series of lectures in 1918, outlining the importance of the scientific figure to modern life (new kind of persona)
-explained science not as mysterious forces and each branch of the sciences can explain a bit of the world, and we lose a previous sense that the world is enchanted
-though we may not individually understand all these processes, part of modernization is the faith that we can find someone to explain said phenomenon
-science is different than art b/c good art is not obsolete in a few years
-science differentiates between values...works on facts, and is valueless so it presupposes its own worth
-no scientific knowledge regarding why one should be s cientist...it's just a calling...keep facts and values separate
robert moses
developed new york roadways in such a way that poor couldn't access the beaches
dewey
-aimed to break down techne from episteme- anyone can be an expert due to scientific methods
-though aristotle wanted to create social hierarchy, he was wrong...children should not learn by absorbing but to be active agents and control the way they learn
-begin with native impulses because people learn best by achieveing self-realization
-children would learn best through practical activities that would lead to higher order knowledge
-concrete is ahead of theoretical
-anyone is capable of learning...this would lead to a more truly democratic society that would lead to the fulfillment of america's cultural destiny