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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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properties of life (7)
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1. organization
2. homeostasis 3. respond to the environment 4. uptake and use energy 5. growth and development 6. reproduction 7. ability to evolve |
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1. organization
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-life creates order
-ex: honeycombs -ex: plant distribution in desert -ex: inside cells (protien placement and synapses) |
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2. homeostasis
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-regulating our internal environments
-temperature, pH levles, sugars, salts, and metabolic levels. -ex: birds/amphibians with their eggs and maintainign temp |
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3. response to the environment
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-changing with environmental differences
-ex: stomas in plants opening for different temperatures -ex: flowers blooming at certain times/seasons. |
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4. uptake and use energy
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-different living organisms process energy is different ways
-ex: photosynthesis in plants converts solar energy to potential energy. -ex: mammals eating food and our metabolic breakdown processes. -ex: ATP is cell mitorcondria create energy |
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5. growth and development
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-the cycle of life
-offspring often look like miny adults (humans) OR grow through different life stages (frogs) -ex: metamorphis |
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6. reproduction
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-sexual: miosis
-asexual: mitosis -pollenation |
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7. evolution and adaptation (IMPORTANT!)
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-change in gene frequencies over generations
-adaptation is evolution in action -happens at species levels -natural selection and gene flow -convergent evolution is proof. |
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so.. is it alive?
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-many things have several properties but not all.
-science prefers that all 7 are met, but 6 is okay for some. -controversial at times: 1. HIV (viruses)- cant reproduce without a host, and has no energy process of its own. 2. prions (Mad Cow): can reproduce, but not alive. |
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levels of organization (10)
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1. biosphere
2. ecosystems 3. communities 4. population 5. individuals 6. organs and organ systems 7. tissues 8. cells 9. organelles 10. molecules |
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1. biosphere
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-sum of all ecosystems
-all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements |
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2. ecosystems
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-great big areas
-ex: the great plains, sonora desert...ect. -plant and animal systems categorized with similar turains and species. -ABIOTIC PARTS INCLUDED -biome-ish |
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3. communities
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-like ecosystems, but ONLY BIOTIC FACTORS. (no gases)
-can get most specific than ecosystem. |
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4. population
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-all the individuals of a species
-where ecology is often studied -where natural selection happens |
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5. individuals
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-multicellular individuals
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6. organs and organ systems
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-each has a different overall function
-main purpose: to get raw materical and energy from the environment to the individual. |
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7. tissues
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-makes up organs
-specific cells |
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8. cells
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-basic unit of life (except for viruses)
-unicellular vs. multicellus organisms -IF unicellular: the cell is the tissue, organ, and indivual all in one. -most life in unicellular (simple is good obviously) |
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9. organelles
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-"organs" of eukaryotic cells
-membrane bound |
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10. molecules
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-make up organellles, and therefore exentially everything.
-seperate life and nonlife (ex: phospholipid bilayer) -made of atoms |
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emergent properties
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-more than just the sum of the parts
-the property is found in the interaction between its parts -biological hierarchy is more than merely the sum of its parts... its the interaction between its components of each level. -ex: the ABILITY to turn light energy into chemical energy -ex: language- symbols fit together and produce meaning -LIFE! is an emergent property because it stems from the interactions between cells and neurons. -all levels of organization have this: A PARTICULAR INTERACTION |
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Robert Hooke
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-1665
-discovered the idea of cells -thought he was looking at them in cork piece, but wasnt...BUT BROUGHT OUT THE IDEA. -first compound microscope |
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Leeuwenhoek
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-first to find single cell organism in pond water, blood, and sperm.
-made a simplier and better microscope with high resolution. -discovered theory that there are living things inside us. |
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Cell Theory
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-Schlieden and Schwann
-1839 -tons of research and found: 1. cells are basic unit of structure and physiology in all living things 2. cells form spontaneously (WRONG) proved later by Virchaw that cells come from cells. |
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all cells have (4):
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1. membranes: regulate passage of materials between cells (selectively permeable)
2. DNA- some in nucleus, some not. Viruses are iffy here. 3. ribosomes- read RNA to make protiens (NOT ORGANELLES) and made of protiens and RNA. 4. cytoplams-liquidy stuff that has enzymes and organic molecules that metabolizes. |
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Prokaryotic cells
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-Monera kingdom
-2 phylums: Bacteria and Archaea -small cells -floating loose DNA loop -ribosomes -cytoplams |
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Eukaryotes cells
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-big and complex
-double bound nucleus with linear DNA -ribosomes -mitocondria -rough and smooth ER -golgi body -evolved from prokaryotes off archaea branch through endosymbotic event |
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ENDOSYMBOSIS THEORY
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-explanation how eukaryotes came from prokaryotes.
-larger prokaryotes were engulfing smaller ones, but they would not digest them. -the little things lived inside the large through a mutualism (both benifitted) -they began to evole as one and get more complex -alphaprotic baterica was engulfed, and helped with metabolism. these eventualyl evolved into organelles. |
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lines of evidence for emdosymbosis theory
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1. mitocondria (and other organelles) have baby dna stand and double bound membranes in them... which shows they were once free standing!
2. amino acid sequences suggest ralationships across different cells. this cannot be recreated in a lab. evidence that this may have happened again. plus, this happened like 23047209384 times back in the day to make the new branch. |
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DNA
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-deoxyribonucleic acid
-genes are sequences of DNA -ATGC and their order difference writes our physiolical mapping -nucleotide double helix. -mRNA is made from DNA and hten makes protiens |
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genomes
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-all the genes in an organisms DNA
-the blueprint found in all cells -BIG...our is 3 million letters -one has been published :) |
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form and function relationship
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-understanding structure gives clues to function...
-AND undersanting function often explains structure. |
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taxonomy
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-classifying and organizing life
-reflects evolutionary relationships (phylogeny). -DKPCOFGS |
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5 Original Kingdoms
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1. monera=bacteria (catch all)
2. plantae= plants 3. animalia= animals 4. fungi 5. protista= single cells ALL WRONG NOW. |
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3 Domains
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukarya- plantae, animalia, fungi, protista (common cellular architechture) 1 and 2 are not thought to both be monera. |
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discriptive/discovery science (inductive)
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-make lots fo observations
-detect relationships and make correlations -NO MANIPULATION -what Darwin did -lab or field |
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hypothetical science (deductive)
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-scientific method
-formal process -experimentation -lab or field |
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how to tell if inductive or deductive
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-did they mention IV- DEDUCTIVE
-is there control- DEDUCTIVE -MANIPULATION/CONTROL IS THE KEY! |
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hypothesis
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-possible answer to a question
-educated guess -testible and fasifiable -can never be PROVEN, but accepted. -natural explanation |
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causal questions
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-asks what is causing a particular phenomenon
-how are two variables causally related (NOT CORRELATION!) -its answer is a hypothesis -NOT DESCRIPTIVE, BUT MECHANISTIC -start of scientific method |
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prediction
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-expectation derieved from hypothesis about wha t you should see after experimentation.
-IF/THEN statement |
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test
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-manipulation of variables to detect causal relationships, if any.
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conclusion
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-decision if the evidence supported teh hypothesis
-the results are compared with the prediction, and if the match then the hypothesis is accepted. |
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scientific cycle
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observe TO causal question TO hypothesis TO design experiement TO predict TO conduct experiment TO data collection TO compare data with prediction TO conclude..
the conclusion then either reults in a new causal question (if something odd happened) or a modification to hypoth (becaus NEVER perfect) |
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value of science
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-it informs!
-doesnt deal with value-forming or societal crap. -knowledge, now wisdom :) |
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scientific method
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1. observe
2. question 3. hypothesis 4. predict 5. test compare results to prediction... SAME: accept hypoth DIFF: go back and make new hypoth |
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mimicry case study
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-harmless species mimic dangerous ones with bright colors
-coral snakes |
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limitations of scientific method
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1. nature only... no supernatural
2. must be able to observe and measure 3. must be verifiable... that its the right stuff 4. repeatable (aka realiable) |
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evolution
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-explains unity (one ancestor) and diversity (evolution)
-"modification through desent" -theory now -Darwin DID NOT DO...he proposed the mechanism. |
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natural selection
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-Darwin
-the mechanism at which evolution occures -wallace ahd evidence for too, darwin just published first. -within a population of organisms, there are hereditary differences and struggle for existance... these two things lead to a difference in reproductive success for an individual. this adaptation in a population changes the allele frequency. -nonrandom directional process |
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intelligent design
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-against evolution
-dover case -god made creatures, and then they evolved from there -we are too complex to have just evolved from one. -Of Pandas and People |
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genetic fitness
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-an individuals reproductive success relative to others in the population
-measured by the number of offspring that reach reproductive age. -correlated with survival but you can be very fit and die young |
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adaptation
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-a hereditary trait that increases an individual's fitness
-not fixed, the environment changes |
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convergent evolution
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-animals of different families that adapt similarily and develope similar traits independently
-environments mirror eachother. |
