Science Mid Term L5

Front 1

what are the four macromolecules

Back 1

carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids

Front 2

what is DNA

Back 2

nucleic acid that holds the instructions to development and function in all living things

Front 3

what are genes

Back 3

segments of DNA that contain info.

Front 4

what is the structure of a nucleic acid

Back 4

a sugar-phosphate backbone connected to a nitrogenous base

Front 5

where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell

Back 5

it is found in the cytoplasm

Front 6

where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell

Back 6

it is found in the nucleus

Front 7

what are the four bases of DNA

Back 7

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

Front 8

what is the structure and what bases are in the Purines

Back 8

the purines have a two ring structure and the bases that are in this category are adenine and guanine

Front 9

what is the structure and what bases are in the Pyrimidines

Back 9

they have a one ring structure and the bases that are in this category are thymine and cytosine

Front 10

how many bonds are between adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine

Back 10

there are two bonds between adenine and thymine and three between guanine and cytosine

Front 11

what were Chargraff's rules

Back 11

1. a purine can only bind with a pyrimidine

2. Adenine and thymine always bind, cytosine and guanine always bind

Front 12

who are credited for the discovery of the structure of DNA

Back 12

James Watson and Francis Crick

Front 13

who took X-Ray pictures of DNA and who's guidance was that person under

Back 13

Rosalind Franklin took the pictures under the guidance of Maurice Wilkins

Front 14

What are 4 main characteristics of DNA

Back 14

1. sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside an the nitrogenous base is on the inside.
2. it is a double helix
3. the strands are anti-parallel
4. there are specific base pairings

Front 15

what does anti-parallel mean

Back 15

the two strands of DNA are lined up in opposite directions.

Front 16

what is cell division

Back 16

the process cells go through to make more cells

Front 17

what controls the copying of DNA before cell division

Back 17

enzymes made of protiens

Front 18

what are the steps of DNA replication

Back 18

1. the original DNA strands pull apart
2. new complimentary bases pair up with the separated strands
3. the backbone forms
4. the backbone fuses to the bonds

Front 19

who discovered photosynthesis

Back 19

It was found by Jan Van Helmont. And proved by these men at different times John Woodward, Joseph Priestly, and John Ingenhousz

Front 20

List the steps of photosynthesis

Back 20

water, carbon dioxide, and light get absorbed by the plant and photosynthesis takes place. once everything is done the result is oxygen and glucose

Front 21

3 important things about photosynthesis

Back 21

1. takes place in the chloroplast in the leaves
2. there are stoma pores that release the oxygen and suck in carbon dioxide
3. roots have vascular tissue that suck in water from the soil.

Front 22

what is a light reaction

Back 22

the taking in of light in a plant

Front 23

what is a dark reaction

Back 23

carbon dioxide is used to create sugar

Front 24

describe the process of cellular respiration

Back 24

glucose and oxygen are absorbed by the mitochondria and are turned into water, carbon dioxide, and ATP

Front 25

what is glycolysis

Back 25

the splitting of glucose

Front 26

describe the Krebs cycle

Back 26

when glucose is broken the Krebs cycle begins. the two molecules and oxygen are used to create materials for other systems.

Front 27

how does the Electron Transport Chain work

Back 27

energy molecules get passed through a number of proteins where they give of an electron. energy is captured in the form of ATP

Front 28

Describe transcription

Back 28

transcription- the process of making a copy of DNA so the copy can leave the nucleus and go where it needs to while it leaves a copy in the nucleus. the copied DNA is mRNA. the first step to copying DNA is to open the strand but not completely. the mRNA matches up to the bases and makes a copy.

Front 29

Describe translation

Back 29

translation- protein is assembled by hooking amino acids together. the order is determined by the mRNA. three mRNA strands make a condon. each condon has instructions for one amino acid.

Front 30

Describe Meiosis

Back 30

Meiosis uses sperm and egg cells

Front 31

Describe Mitosis

Back 31

1. Interphase- rapid growth of the cell, splitting of DNA, and any other preparation
2. Prophase- chromosomes condense, the nucleus dismantles and the centrioles move to other sides of the cell.
3. Metaphase- the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres.
4. Anaphase- the replicated chromosomes split and move to the opposite sides of the cell.
5. Telophase- the cell membrane pinches off and a new nucleus forms
6. Cytokenises- the cytoplasm is distributes between the two cells.