Science Mid Term

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Scientific Method

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a series of steps that a scientist uses to answer questions

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What are the steps for a Scientific Method?

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1. Ask Question 2. Form a hypothesis (Possible answer) 3. Test hypothesis (Controlled experiment) 4. Analyze Data 5. Draw Conclusions

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Controlled Experiment

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When a scientist runs a controlled experiment, it means that it contains two parts (setups)

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What are the two setup in an controlled experiment?

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Control Setup and Experimental Setup

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Control Setup

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Basis for comparison

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Experimental Setup

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Group experimented on (gets variable)

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How many variables do you have in an controlled experiment?

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There can only be ONE variable for an experiment.

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All other factors in an controlled experiment must....What?

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remain the same

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When doing an experiment, there are two things that a scientist works on...What are they?

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variable and constant

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Give me an example of a variable

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?

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Give me an example of a constant

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?

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Independent Variable

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is what the scientist can control

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Dependent Variable

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is what the scientist cannot control (ex..How much a plant will grow)

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When graphing the independent and dependent variables which one goes on the X-axis and which ones goes on the Y-axis?

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Independent variable is the X-axis and dependent is the Y-axis.

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Is the X-axis up and down or side by side?

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X-axis is side by side

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Is the Y-axis up and down or side by side?

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Y-axis is up and down

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Metric Conversions (SI - International system of Units)
Write the metric conversion sidewalk

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{K / H / D / *m,g,l / d / c / m}

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Kilo- means

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1000

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Hecto- means

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100

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Deka- means

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10

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deci- means

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0.1

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centi- means

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0.01

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milli- means

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0.001

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Give me the Tools and Units used in "Length"

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Tools used: cm ruler
Unit used: cm

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Give me the Tools and Units used in "Mass"

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Tools used: TBB
Unit used: g

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Give me the Tools and Units used in "Volume"

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Tool used: Grad. cyl.
Unit used: ml or cc or cm3

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Give me the Tools and Units used in "Temperature"

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Tool used: Thermometer
Unit used: C

Front 28

Your body temperature is...what?

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98.6 F / 37 C.

Front 29

Name the Six Characteristics of Life

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1. Sense & Respond to Change
2. Have DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
3. Grow
4. Use Energy
5. Made of Cells
6. Reproduce

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Sense & Respond to Change

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react to changes in the environment

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Stimulus

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change in enviroment

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Response

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reaction to stimulus

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Have DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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provides instructions for making the proteins in the body

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Heredity

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transmitting characteristics to another generation

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Grow

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increase in size and increase in # of cells

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Use Energy

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energy is needed for all life activities; energy is obtained from nutrients

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Metabolism

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total of all chemicals activities in the body

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Made of Cells

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cells are membrane-covered structures that contain materials necessary for life; cells perform specialized functions {ex: nerve cell and muscle cell}

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Reproduce

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process by which living organisms multiply themselves; reproduction is NOT necessary for an individual to survive, but it is necessary for the survival of the species

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Asexual Reproduction

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No sexual intercourse is involved

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Sexual Reproduction

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sexual intercourse is involved

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Homeostasis

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Keeping constant internal environment the same {body temp., blood glucose levels}

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Cells are made up of....What?

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atoms

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One type of atom is called an.....What?

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element

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Two or more types of atoms jointed together are called....What?

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molecules

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There are six elements that make up living things. They are....

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C, H, O, N, S, P

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Proteins

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large molecules made up of amino acids; their function is for growth and repair; enzymes are a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

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Carbohydrates {CHD}

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made up of simple sugar; energy sources for the cell; two types of carbohydrates (simple and complex)

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Lipids

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are fats and oils; they do not mix with water; phospholipids make up the cell membrane

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Nucleic Acids {DNA, RNA}

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made up of subunits called nucleotides; DNA is a nucleic acid that controls the production of proteins

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ATP {adenosine triphosphate}

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energy used by the cell; energy stored in carbohydrates and fats is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration

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Cloning

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is an example of Asexual Reproduction

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Clone

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is genetically identical to its parent

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Some well-known clones are..

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Cc, the world's first cloned kitten
Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep

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A human clone is a time-delayed identical twin of another person, A clone is NOT an exact age replica of the original. It is a __________ identical twin.

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younger

Front 56

Carolus Linnaeus is known for his contribution to the study of.....What?

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Taxonomy {study of classifying}

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Carolus Linnaeus came up with a two-name system called....What?

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Binomial Nomenclature

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Binomial Nomenclature

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is a two-name system of naming an organism that uses the Genus and species. {ex: Felis Leo - means Lion}

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Dichotomous Keys

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a key that is used to identify organisms based on characteristics by using two opposing statements

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Name the Six Kingdoms of Living Things

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1. Kingdom Archaebacteria
2. Kingdom Eubacteria
3. Kingdom Protista
4. Kingdom Fungi
5. Kingdom Plantea
6. Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

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ancient bacteria { extreme environment}
Prokaryokes: no nucleus
Bacteria that live in extreme environment
Have been in existence for 3 billion years

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Kingdom Eubacteria

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Germs
All other bacteria
Prokaryokes
Common bacteria such as E. coli, or Staphylococcus {staph}

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Kingdom Protista

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single-celled and multicellular organisms
Eukaryokes
{Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena}

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Kingdom Fungi

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Do not make their own food
Absorb nutrients from their surrounding {decomposers}
{Ex: mushrooms, molds}

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Kingdom Plantea

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Green - Chlorophyll
Eukaryotes
Make their own food
photosynthesis
{Ex: trees, ferns, grass}

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Kingdom Animalia

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Most move
Eukaryotes
Most have nervous systems and can sense their surroundings
Obtain food by eating other organisms
{Ex: lions, whales, humans

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Hierarchy of Organizations

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Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems - Organism

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What are the four types of Tissues?

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1. Nerve
2. Muscle
3. Epithelial
4. Connective

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Nerve Tissue

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Conducts impulses; Thinks

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Muscle Tissue

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Produces Movement

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Epithelial Tissue

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Covers, Protects

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Connective Tissue

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Joins, Supports and Insulates Organ

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"Epi" means.....What?

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On Top

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What are five types of the Organ Systems?

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1. Digestive
2. Nervous
3. Circulatory
4. Respiratory
5. Skeletal

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What is the Function of the Digestive System?

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Breaks food down into Nutrients

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What is the Function of the Nervous System?

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Senses Environment Respond

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What is the Function of the Circulatory System?

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Transports Nutrients and O2 to all Cells
*Review components of blood also*

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What is the Function of the Respiratory System?

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Gets O2 into Blood

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What is the Function of the Skeletal System?

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Movement, Support, Protection
Make Blood Cells

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What are some of the Major Organs in the Digestive System?

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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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What are some of the Major Organs in the Nervous System?

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brain {cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus}, spinal cord and nerves

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What are some of the Major Organs in the Circulatory System?

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heart, arteries {blood away from heart}, veins {blood towards the heart}, capillaries {connects arteries to veins}, blood

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What are some of the Major Organs in the Respiratory System?

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nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli and diaphragm

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Where does the arteries take the blood?

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away from the heart

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Where does the veins take the blood?

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toward the heart

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Capillaries connects _________ to _____________?

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connects arteries to veins

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What does Red Cells do?

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Carries O2

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What does White Cells do?

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Fights infections

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What does Platelets do?

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Clotting

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Frogs are.....What?

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Amphibians

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What are some of a frogs characteristics?

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slimy skin, lay eggs in water, cold-blooded

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How do frogs undergo metamorphosis?

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egg; tadpole; hind legs grow, front legs grow, tail gets absorbed, grow lungs -- adult frog

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By dissecting a frog, we learn....What?

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that they have body systems that are similar to human body systems