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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Does Viral Genome Replication contain either DNA or RNA?
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YES
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What are viruses
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intracellular parasites which depend upon the host cell for replication
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Do Virus use the cells energy stores, substrates, and synthetic machinery
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YES
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Do Viruses bind to receptors and penetrate the cell, and use cell to replicate is DNA or RNA, which are assembled and untimately causing
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cellualr lysis and release of virions
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Can the viral geonme integrate into the host genome adn remain dormant until a later time
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YES
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Can virus both induce cell death, adn prevent cell death, undergo maligant tranformation
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YES
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What is central dogma required for viral replication
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reverse transcriptase play a role in converting RNA to DNA
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What is postive stranded RNA
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mRNA
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What is role of + RNA virus and replication process
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+RNA is immediately transcribed into Viral (replicative proteins RDRP, and -RNA, -RNA is transcribed back into +RNA by RDRP to make structural proteins and it is packaged into progeny viruses
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What does Structural proteins prudce
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used to package progeny +RNA strand into virions
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What does Viral (replicative proteins produce, and how
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synthesize -RNA, which can be copied back into +RNA by RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP)
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Where does entire life cycle of mRNA translastion occur
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cytoplasm
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Explain process of -RNA viruses
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-RNA, must 1st be converted to +RNA by RDRP, which then produce both replicative protein, and sturcutral proteins, and RDRP reproduces -RNA which is then packaged into viral progeny by structual proteins
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In DNA virus, what is DNA immediately transcribed into and by who
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mRNA, by HOST protein
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What do virus make HOST proteins produce
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mRNAs that encode virus-specific transcription fctors
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What is process of production of DNA viruses after production of mRNA
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mRNA, products both replicated proteins, and structural proteins, the replicative proteins reproduce dsDNA, adn structural package dsDNA in progeny viruses
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What type of RNA do retroviruses begin with
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+RNA
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What is process for replicative process of Retoviruses
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+RNA is converted to RNA/DNA hybrid by reverse transcriptase, then RT degrades RNA forming dsDNA,
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How happens after formation of dsDNA for retoviruses
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dsDNA is integrated into host genone, can be activated removing +RNA, and proteins package into progeny viruses
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Explain what a guaninine analogs (ACYCLOVIR) is important in inhibiting viral actions
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Acyclovir is phosphorlated by VIRAL thymidine kinase, then BINDS to it 200x stronger than CELLULAR thymidine kinase, producing GMP, cellular kinases then convert to NTP,
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After host cells convert GMP to NTP what happens
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NTP inhibit viral DNA polymerase, and ends termination b/c it lacks 3'OH chain
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What is asexual reproduction, and amount of variation
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cells divide into daugther cells, and little variation
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What is sexual reproduction and variation
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mixes gnomes, and introduces variation
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What is a haploid
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a single set of chromosomes
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What is a single set of chromsomes for humans
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23 for humans, 22+X or Y
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What type of cells are haploid
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gametes or germline cells
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What are diploid, and number
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double set of chromsomes-46
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What type of cells are diploid
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somatic (non-germline)
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What are polyploid and examples
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more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes, such as liver, heart and megakarryocytes
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What is aneuploid, and are they exact mutiples of haploid
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abnomral number of chromsomes--NO
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What is an allele
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one copy of a gene
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What is fertilization
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when 2 gametes get together to form a diploid or zygote
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What is Autosomal or somatic
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NON-gamete
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What is Meiosis
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ME---when a cell divides into 4 HAPLOID daughter cells (gametes)
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What is mitosis
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where a cell divides into 2 identical DIPLOID daughter cells
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Mitosis, which involves haploids, which involves diploids
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haploids--MEosis, and dipolid MITOSIS
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What division involoves one cell division, what cycle involves 2 cell division
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MEOSIS-2
Mitosis 1 |
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Why are'nt non-twin siblings identical
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when cells ungergo meiosis, sister chromatids reassortment is RANDOM
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What is homologous recombination, and usually occurs during
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chromsomal cross-over during meiosis
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How many cross-over events occur on each pair of chromsomes during meiotic division I
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2 and 3
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Is linear array of genes changed in homologous recombination
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NO, but some base sequences of some genes may vary slightly
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What happens when meiosis or mitosis go awry?
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Aneupolidy or Heteroplodiy
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What is it when a human has 45 or 47 chromsomes instead of usual 46
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aneuploidy
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What is monosomy
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usually lethal, partial chromsome deletions, one viable is X0-Tuner's syndrome
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What is Trisomy
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one extra chromsome--13,18,22, leathal within 1st year, 21--downs
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What is heteroplody
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sections of chromsomes have been deleted, duplicated or translocated
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What is non-homologous chromosomal translocation, is part of heteroplidy?
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YES, during cross over chromsomsmes exchange non-homologus sequences
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What is bad about non-homologous chromsomes exchanged
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information NOT usually lost, HOWEVER genes at teh point of exchange exhibit altered expresssion
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What can non-homologus chromosomal translocations forms
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fusion proteins
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What is Philadelphia chromsome or Burkitt's Lymphoma an example of
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non-homolohgous chromsomal translocation
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What is a gene?
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the fundamental unit of inheritance
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What is a gene product
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the RNA or protein resulting from the gene
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What is polygenic inherited disease
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inherited disorder that is due to more than one genetic defiect
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Single gene defects follow what type of inheritance
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mendelian inheritance
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When is a dominant trait expressed
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only NEED to inheret ONE abnormal copy to be present
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When is a recessive trait expressed
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BOTH copies of a gene must be ABNORMAL
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What type of inheritance pattern does Autosomal dominant inheritance have
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vertical pattern of inheritance
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In Autosomal dominant are people who are unaffected usually transmit diseases
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NO
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In autosomal dominant how many are affected if carrier is heterozygous for mutations
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50%
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What are typical genotypes of autosomal dominant
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Aa x aa
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What are typical genotypes of autosomal recessive
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Aa x Aa
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In autosomal recessibe what % of children affected, and which is only that exhibits disease
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1/4 AA, 1/2 Aa, and 1/4 aa-only aa exhibits disease
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Does inbreeding increases the occurance of disease
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YES, chance of 2 mutants is increased
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Is autosomal recessive most genetically transmitted metabolic disease
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YES
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What type of inheritance is autosomal recessive
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HORIZONAL pattern of inheritance
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For X-link disorders what options can females be
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heteozygoes or homozygotes
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For X-linked disorders what options can males be
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ONLY hemizygous-only have one X chromsome
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Can a gene be pass from father to son
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NO, sons only get Y chromsome from DAD--nothing else
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For X-linked dominant the Aa female transmits that gene to what % of offspring
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50%
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For X-linked dominant the males only transmits to who, and what %
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ONLY to DAUGTHERS and 100% of daughters
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Is heteozygous female less affect than hemizgous males becuase of what
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X inactivation
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For X lined recessive for HETEROZYGOUS females who is affected and %
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50% of sons, and daugthers are carriers (asymptomatic)
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For X-linked recessive HOMOZYGOUS females who is affected adn what %
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ALL SONS, and all daugthers are carriers
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Is mutlifactoral inhetiance NOT obey medelian rules, and is complex b/c due to
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interactions of multiple genes, and environmental factors
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Does mutifactoral inhertiance mean taht more symptoms correspond to MORE mutations
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YES
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Does severity correspond with mutifactoral inheritance--and if one child has symtpoms--does next child have higher risk
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YES
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Can multifactoral inheritance be affected by sex of child
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YES
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Examples of Mutifactoral inheritance
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cleft palat, HTN, Diabetes, allergies
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How is DNA isolated and copied
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1st restriction endonuclease cleaves DNA fragement of interest, fragments attached to cloning vector by DNA ligase and introduced into cell to make many copes
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Why is it important to cloing many copies of gene
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insulin
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Are there differences in bacterial adn eukaroytoci PROCESSING of protein
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YES---you can test for that steriods examples
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How can gene therapy aim to "cure" diseases by correcting KNOWN genetic errors
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using viral vectros to deliver gene of interest
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For gene therapy ADA was cloned into
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retrovial expression vector
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The retovirus made avirulent(cannot replicate) so that ONLY the target gene was to transcribed and translated to prevent
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an infection from occur
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How was the 4yr old treated with the ADA retrovirus
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her mature T cells were drawn out with blood, and treated then reinjected
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What was the drawback of the treatment approach to 4 yr girl
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needed to be done every few motnhs, as it only changed the genotype of exsisting T cells, not the cells producing them
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Other studies are now using immature T cells more longer results, however why is all gene therapy done in somatic cell ONLY, and NOT germine
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DONT want to mess with next generation
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What are 3 major technial barriers for widespread gene therapy
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1. Identification of genetic basis of disease
2. Safe delivery of DNA to affected cells 3. a greater understanding of mechanisms of gene regulation |
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For safe and efficient deiverly of DNA in gene therapy must we worry about immune response, and vector toxciity, and insertion problems, and most disease are mutigene disorders
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yes
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Human gene teraphy will not bejust be limited to treating genetic diseases, treatments could be devised to
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deliver DNA that could destroyt the cell--such as cancer
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What can anneal together
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DNA-DNA
RNA-RNA RNA-DNA |
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What are benifts of Northern blotting
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How much of a SINGLE type of mRNA is expressed, and how large
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Disadvantages of Northern Blotting are time consuming, and expensive, and only ANALYZE ONE GENE at a time, what other technique get around this
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PCR and DNA microarrays
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What is PCR
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DNA of interest is heat to separate, cooled to add primers, makes it 3-5 diretion, adn then repeats to make millions of copies
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What is Southern Blotting used for
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DNA fingerprining
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What is benefit of DNA microarray Chip technolgy
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looks at ALL mRNA in a sample--measures GENE expression
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What can you think of DNA microarray as
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a reverse northen blot
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What is one the DNA chip
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all the genes of an organism a
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Once the DNA chip is hybridized with green and red probe mixture what does it shoe
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shows which genes highly express mRNA
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What are limits of Chip technology
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does not measure protein amount or activity
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What is proteomics project
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evaulativng globally ALL the proteins express in a cell
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Proteomics has limitation b/c if a protein is present it may be be
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active (post-translational modificaiton)
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What are polymorphims
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are differnces found in a popuation
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What are allele variations, and % of pop.
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genetic differance between individuals at alocation LESS than 1% of population
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What are genetic polymorphism are what % of population
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alleic varation, GREATER 1%
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Are phenotypic polymorphisms observable, and do, all genetic polympisms lead to phentoypic changes
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YES---not all genetic polyphrisms lead to phenotpyic changes
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Why are polymorphisms important to pharmacists
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explains why patients resopnd differently to drug therapy
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What are 2 phases of metabolic conversion
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Phase 1. CPY 450a
Phase 2 conjugating enzyme system makes water solulbe for elimination |
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Are Phase I and Phase II metabolizng enzymes are polymorphic
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YES
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If you have an increased Phase I metabolic activity and a decrease Phase II detoxifiny acitivty what happens
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you are at a higher risk of cancer development
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