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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cetnral dogma theory
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DNA Replication, Transcription to RNA, and Translation to Protein
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What is a gene
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a fundamental unit of information
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What is gene biochemically defined as
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as a segment of DNA that encodes informatinon that prodcues a fucnctional bioloical product
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Do genes always encode proteins
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NO, a gene can be transcription
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What is the DNA (genome) packed into
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chromsomes
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Bacteria ONE CHROMSOME and have what type of DNA and what do microchorndiral also have
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double stranded cirular DNA--however mitochorndrial proteins are mostly encoded by nuclear DNA
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What are plasmids
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extrachormosomal circular DNA
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What are intron and what are exons what type of organisms located in, and which is more prevalents
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intron are intervening (dont code for anythign
exons are expressed genes only in EUKS not not VIral and proks more INTRONS |
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Do histones have introns
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NO
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DNA is typically packaged into Chromsomes, what are structal aspects of chormosomes
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Centromere
and Telemere |
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What is the centromere
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functions during cell dividation as an attachment point for proteins that bind to mitotic spindle
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What is telomere, and can they be repliaced
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ends that help stablize chromosomes, NO
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What is first step of compressing long strands of DNA
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1st supercoiling
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What enzymes regulate supercoiling
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Topoisomerases increase or decrease the extent of supercoiling
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What does Type I Toposiomerase do, and then Type II
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Type I cuts one strand
Type II or DNA gyradse breaks 2 strands |
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In non-dividing cells the chormosomal material is called, and contains
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Chromatin--contains DNA, histones adn small amt RNA
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Histone + DNA=
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Nucleosome, or beads on a string
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What are 2 roles of Histones
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1. play a role in packaging
2. regulate accessilby of DNA to transcriptional machinery |
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What are histone rich in and do they bind randomly, where do they position themsevles around
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BASIC amino acids--arginine and lysine--NO---A-T pairs
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What are nucloesomes packaged into
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30nM fiber
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DNA replication is semiconservation and beings at oring and proceeds in what directino
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bidirectional in 5'-3' direction and semi-discontinous
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Does each DNA strand acts as a template for a new strand
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YES
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DNA always synthesizes in what direction
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5'-3' direction and is semi-discontinous
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What is lagging stand
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short segments are syntheized in 5'-3' direction
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What is exonuclease activity
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removed bases from DNA
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What is endonucleases activity
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cut at internal sites
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ALL DNA polyermase have what exonculease activity, this is AKA
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3-5 activity can remove bases backwards--proofreading
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What type of exonuclease activty does Pol I have, and what type of processivity, and how many subunit
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goes in 5'-3', LOW processitivty pop off quickly--only 1 subinut
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What type of exonuclease does Pol III have, type of processivity, and subunits
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ONLY 3'-5' which all have, fast processity (can add lots of bases, and 10 subunits
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What does DNA polyermase I does
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goes in 5-3 driection degrade RNA primer or mismatched DNA
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What are 3 stages of replication
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iniation, elongation, and termination
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What chemisty of how DNA polymerase addes bases to DNA
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The magnesuium dependent enzyme use DNTP, which resultin an dNMP
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Where is the nucleophilic attach occur in DNA replication
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THE 3' hydoxy group of primer, AND 5' alpha phosphate ATTACK deoxynucleotide TRIPHOSTATE, to form phosphidester bond
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What does DNA require to add nucelotide to PREexisint strands
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NEEDS template and PRIMER
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ALL DNA polyermase have what type of exnuclease activity
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3'-5- can remove bases from 3' end, can go backwards and remove
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What does POL I do
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clean-up and repair enzyme
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What does DNA POL III do
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the principal replication enzyme
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After DNA primer is degraded what is left in template strand
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A nick that is fixed by DNA ligase
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What does iniation require
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PRIMER--free 3'OH
and templates |
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What does elongation require
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free nucleltides
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What is the replisome
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DNA pol is not only thing required for replication---there are many enzymes
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What does the Orgin consists of
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1. 3 AT rich regions
13 BP repeat, adn 4 9 BP repeats |
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What does DNA A bind to
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the four 9 BP repeats and denautres AT rich sequences
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What happens after DNA denatures the AT rich sequences
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DNA B helicase unwinds DNA
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What happens after DnaB helicase undwinds DNA
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single stranded DNA-binding proteins stablizes the single stranded DNA
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What happens after single strand binding proteins bind
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Toposimer II (DNA gyrase relives helican tension
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What is the only phase of replicatio that is regulated
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INIATION
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First step of Elongation is
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Primase adds and RNA primer
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After DNA primer is added what happens
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DNA Pol III, with dNTP adds to 3' OH ends to PRIMER, form dNMP
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After DNA III dissocates what happens
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DNA Pol I, removes primer, and adds correct dNMP, adn fixes nixs by DNA ligase
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Replication process until what
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20bP termination seqeuence occurs, which halts
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What does Toposimerase IV do
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separates the DNA interlinked cicles, b/c bi-direction replication, meets
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EUKS don't have cicular DNA, so HOW are the ends of the DNA replicated
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Telomeres
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Why is only the lagging the problems in EUKS linear DNA replication
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Leading--primer only added one--and proceeds all the way to the end....however lagging strand requires several primer..and a primer cannot be added beyond end of chormosme
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How does Telomerase fix the problems
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Telomerase attaches to the lagging stand with adn RNA sequences,
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The RNA compents of Telmerase atttaches to parental stand, and what happens
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The DNA Pol binds using the RNA sequence as a primer
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