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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is required for a drug to work
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it must reach the circulation, and then reach site of action
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What are ionic interactions
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occur between ion, Compelete transfer of electrons from less electronegative, to more electronegative atom
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Ionic interactions related to solubility
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water soluble
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What is hydrogen bonds
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when hydrogen is bond to a strongly electronegative atom, like 0, --difficult to break bonds
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What are hydrophobic interations
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interactions between hydrocarbons
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How do hydrophobic interactions solvate one another
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inducing dipoles that are electrostically attractive
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What is Pi-Pi stacking
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occurs between aromatic rings
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What is required for drug to distribute to circulation
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water solubility
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What is required for drug to cross membrane
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Lipid solubility
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What are hydrocarbons
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only carbon and hydrogen bonds, and lipid soluble
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Properties of hydrocarbons
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Cannot H-bonds, low boiling point, lipid soluble
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What does bp refelct
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strength of molecular interactions which must be broken
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Benifits of adding a long fatty acid chain
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prevents acid-catalyzed decomposition in teh stomach
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What are alkenes
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hydrocarbons with double-bonds
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Properties of alkenes
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low boiling pt, lipophilic, and are easily oxidized, b/c of double bond, more reactive then alkanes
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What is sterioisomerism
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same drugs, but differ in bond rototation, use only one active form
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Properties of alkynes
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lipid solubile, less reactive, most stable of alkanes and alkenes
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What mechanism of action can alkenes and alkynes undergo
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oxidation
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Properties of aromatic rings
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lipid solulbe--like alkenes
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What makes aromatic rings soluble
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Hydrogen bonding groups
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Why are aromatic rigns the central feaure of many drugs
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b/c they interact with receptors via pi-pi stacking
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Explain differance between phenol and cyclohexanol
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Penol--benzene ring, most resonance strucutre, making more acidic, and more like to give up H+
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What are 4 types of interactions between molcules
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1. Hydrogen bonds
2. Pi-Pi stacking 3. Iionic interactions 4. Hydrophobic interactions |
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What do aromatic rings do to drugs
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hold drugs in place,
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How do alcohol interact with water
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hydrogen bonds
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How do alchols interacts with each other
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hydrogen bonding--same as water
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What is realtionship between oral adsoprtion and hydroxyl groups
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The more hydroxyl groups(more polar), the less the drug is adsorbed--remember drugs needs to be NONPOLAR to be ADSORBED
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Properties of Thiols
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Sulfur to large, Hydrogen bond not very well
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What do Thiols do in hydrocarbon chains
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incduce dipole interactions, which increase lipid solubility
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What do Thiols bind very tighly to
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Metals such as Hg, and Zn
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Do thiols have lower bp, then hydrogen bonding
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YES
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Properties of amines
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basic, and water soluble
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Properies of neutral amine, and Charged amine
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neutral amine--lipophilic, and quaternay form WATER soluble--b/c has + charge
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What do aromatic rings do to bascity of amines
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from electron delocatization, makes more acidic or more stable--MAKES NEUTRAL
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What is normal pKA of amine
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basic 9-10, and neutral form
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What are amines readily adsopred? ph 8 or pH of 2
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pH 8--uncharged-lipid solulbe, pH 3-charged--water soluble--not adsorpbed
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Properties of carboxylic acids
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very polar and water soluble
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Why to carboxcillic acids have higher boiling points that Hydrogen bonds
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forms 2 hydrogen bonds--or dimers
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PKa values of carboxcillic acid
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4
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How are esters fromes
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carboxcillic acis, and alcohols
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What are lactones
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cyclic esters
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How are amides formed
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carboxcillic acids and amines
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What can amides be hydroylzed into and by
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liver to forms caboxcillic acids
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Solubility of drugs with Quaternary amine
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EXTREMELY soluble, NO bioavailability
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What are carbamates
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cross bettwen esters and amidies
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Do carbamates has intermediate activity
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YES
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What makes something polar
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electronegativity
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What makes esters water less soluble than water and carboxcillic acids
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it can't hydrogen bond with itself
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How are imides formed
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dicarboxcillic reacts with ammonina NH3+
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Properties of imides
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acidic--
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What are halogens
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F, CL, Br, I
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What do halogens do in terms of solubility
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DECREASE solubility, more LIPOPHILIC, cannot interact with water
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Properties of Ethers?
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soluble, less solbule than alcohol or carboxcillics
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Properties of Nitro
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Great lipid solubility, b/c of its powerful electron withdrawing,
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What does solubility depend on
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acidity
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What are sulfonamides
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amides formed between sulfonic acid and amine
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What items generally undergo ionic interactions
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amines, and carboxylic acid
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What are undering hydrogen bonding
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OH
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What are undergoing hydrophobic
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hydrocarbon chains
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