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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inquiry and discovery science
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asking questions to find answers
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control group
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the group that lacks the variable
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experimental group
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the group that contains the variable
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constants
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things that remain the same throughout the experiment
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hypothesis
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a testable educated guess about what is going to happen...has 3 parts....assumption, prediction, condition
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Theory
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a hypothesis that has been proven true many times...it can be changed, modified, or proven wrong
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Variable
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somethign you can change in an experiment
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Observation
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using your five senses to gather information
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dependent variable
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what is being measured
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independent variable
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how the groups are differnet
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quantitative Data
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data in the form of numbers or exact measurments
Ex: it is 56 degrees outside |
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Qualitative Data
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data in the form of observations using the 5 senses
Ex: the apple is large, or the apple is red |
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what is the correct form to write a hypothesis?
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if the _______affects______then _________will ___________compared to ______ with all other conditions being the same.
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what is the difference between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law?
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hypothesis: something that is being tested
theory: has been tested many times and proven true law: occurs all the time and is agreed upon by everyone |
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what are the basic characteristics of inquiry science?
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use observation to collect data to answer a question
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What are the levels of life?
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biosphere > ecosystem > community > organism > cell
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atom(element)
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pure substance that cannot be broken down any farther(simplist form of matter)
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compund
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two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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isotope
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different number of neutrons in the same type of atom
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Covalent bonding
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when two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons
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ionic bonding
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when two or more atoms bond by transferring electrons (gaining/losing)
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hydrogen bonding
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type of covalent bonding that involves water
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protons
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positive charged subatomic particles located inside the nucleus
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neutrons
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nuetral charged subatomic particles located inside the nucleus
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electron
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negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit around the nucleus in the electron cloud
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Atomic #
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tells you where on the periodic table the element is located and the number of protons in each atom
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molecules
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to or more atoms joined together in a compound
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Ion
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when an atom gains or loosses electrons it becomes an ion
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cation
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when an atom looses electrons and becomes positively charged
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anion
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when an atoms gains electrons and becomes negatively charged
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reactants
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on the left side of the equation. what is used to make the products
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products
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on the right side of the equation. what is produced
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polar
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has a charge
Ex: water the hydrogen is slightly positive charge |
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non polar
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atom has no charge
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adhesion
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attraction between unlike molecules
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cohesion
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when the same type of molecule sticks together
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PH scale
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measures the level of acidity...goes from 0-14....7 is neutral
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Acid
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anywhere on the Ph scale from 0-6.999999999...the lower the number the stronger the acid
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Base
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anywhere ont he Ph scale between 7.0000001 and 14....the higher the number the stronger the base
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neutral
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a 7 on the Ph scale
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Solute
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the substance being dissolved
Ex: kool-aid |
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Solvent
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What the substance is being dissolved in
Ex: water |
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Solution
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uniform mixture that is the same without
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Aqueous solution
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a solution in which water in the solvent
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valence electrons
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the electrons on the outer ring
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How do u tell the # of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom?
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protons-the atomic #
electrons-same as protons neutrons-the mass # minus the atomic number |
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Organic molecule
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contains carbon(carbs and protiens)
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inorganic molecule
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they lack carbon(water and oxygen)
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carbohydrate
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provide feul and energy and serve as building materials...sugars.
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Glucose
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simple sugar (C6H12O6)...ratio of 1 to 2 to 1
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Monosaccharides
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smallest type of carb..small sugars such as glucose
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Disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides(simple sugars)
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Polysaccharides
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large chain of sugars
Ex: starch, glycogen, & cellulose(in plants) |
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Monomers
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small, simple units of molecules
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Polymers
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complex chains of many monomers
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Amino Acids
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the monomers of protiens
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polypeptides
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several amino acids linked together
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proteins
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large molecules that
~serve as building material ~carry out chemical reactions ~pump small molecules ~aid in cell defence they are polymers made of several polypeptides |
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Enzymes
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specific type of protien that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy..classified as catalysts
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catalyst
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something that speeds up reactions
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list the types of protiens from smallest to largest
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amino acids > polypeptides > protiens
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What affects the affectiveness of enzymes in a reaction
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Ph and temperature
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cell
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smallest unit of matter and life
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what are the three parts to the cell theory
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~all living things are made of cells
~ cells are the basic unit of structure and function ~all cells come from other cells |
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prokaryotic
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smaller, less complicated, older, unicellular, bacteria
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Eukaryotic
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larger, multicellular, animals and plants
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unicellular
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prokaryotic simple, one cell
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Multicellular
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many cells working together
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organelle
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a small membrane bound structure that performs a specific function within the cell
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nucleus
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the control center for the cell..contains DNA inside the nucleolus
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ribosome
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produce the protiens
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cell membrane
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the outer boundary of the cell...controls what enters and exits
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cell wall
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outside the cell membrane...privides support....only in plant cells
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cytoplasm
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the gel like substance between the cell membrane and the nuclues containing the other organelles
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Chloroplasts
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in plant cells that perform photosynthesis
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ctyoskeleton
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helps with transportation and internal support
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mitochondria
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causes cellular respiration
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ATP
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energy
adenosine triphosphate |
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Rough ER
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contains ribosomes..
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Lysosomes
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break down materials...contain digestive enzymes
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vesicle
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transports large materials in the cell
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phosphylipids
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make up the phospholipid bilayer the heads face the outside and the tails face the inside
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osmosis
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how water enters and exits the cell...goes from high to low..no energy needed
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Diffusion
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transport of small nonpolar materials...goes from high to low....no energy
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facilitated diffusion
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diffusion through the protiens...high to low...no energy.....
ex: glucose |
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Active transport
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molecules crossing the membrane... uses energy...low to high
ex: potassium ions |
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Endocytosis
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going in throuhg the vesicles
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Exocytosis
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going out of the cell through vesicles
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Hypertonic
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water exits the cell, cell shrivels
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Hypotonic
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water comes in the cell and the cell expands or explodes
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Equilibrium
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both sides of the membrane have equal ration of solute
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Homeostasis
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internal functioning of an organsim is at equaliblrium
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What organelles are used in protein prduction?
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DNA, Rough ER, risbosomes, vesicle, golgi bodies, cell membrane
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Coordinated unit
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organelles working together to allow the cell to work correctly
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Cellular respiration
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chemical process that converts energy into Co2 and ATP
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Glycolysis
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first stage of cellular respiration
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Krebs Cycle
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2nd cycle in celllar respiration...releases energy
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ETC
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carries eletrons and releases energy during cellular respiration
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Cristae
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Cristae - etc occurs (curvy thing in mitochondria
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Matrix
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gel inside mitochorndira (krebs cycle)
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Aerobic
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requires oxygen, 38 ATP, (Gly, Krebs, ETC)
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Anaerobic
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doesn't require oxygen, 2 ATP, fermentation
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Autotroph
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producer, makes food from sun
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Heterotroph
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consumer, eats food
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Reactants and products of the 3 stages
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Glycolisis- glucose= 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
Krebs- pyruvic acid= 4CO2 +2 ATP ETC= hydrogen ions+oxygen= water + 34 ATP |
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Cellular Respiration Equation
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oxygen+glucose=water+CO2+38 ATP
6O2+C6H12O6=6CO2+6H2O+38ATP |
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What does the human body do during anaerobic respiration?
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produces alot of lactic acid in the muscle that can be removed by oxygen
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Chlorophyl
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the pigment that traps light energy used in phtosynthesis
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thylakoid
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disc shaped structures that trap light and contain chlorophyll
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granum
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stacks of thylakoids
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photosynthesis
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process of changing light energy into chemical energy to be used in CR to feed autotrophs.
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Stroma
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the liquid portion of the chloroplats that contain ensyzmes
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Light reaction
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light + water = nadph + ATP + oxygen
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Dark Reaction
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nadph + ATP + CO2 = glucose
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how does respiration and photosynthesis work together?
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they use eachother's products as their reactants
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photosynthesis equation
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water + CO2 + light= glucose + oxygen
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meosis
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produces haploids sex cells
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cell plate
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turns into cell wall
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number of chromosomes in prophase equals _____
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last number of chromosomes produced in each cell.
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______ acts as checkpoints
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proteins
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Cromatin
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strands of DNA during interphase
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Sister Chromatids
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a strand of DNA during mitosis
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Centromere
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the the point that connects the cromatid
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Spindle Fibers
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microtubules that help chromosomes split apart in cell division.
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haploid
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There is one where the cromatid makes a line because there is only one strand. 1n prokaryotic cells.
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diploid
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When there are two cromatid joined together. 2n in eukarytokic cells.
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cell cycle
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sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces.
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prophase
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chromatids form chromosomes, the nuclear membrane starts to disappear, spindle fibers start to form
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up at the equator of the nucleus, spindle fibers connect to each centromere
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Anaphase
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chromosomes split and are pulled toward the poles. Haploid, equal number of cromatids and chromosomes
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Telophase
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nuclear membrane reforms, equal number of chromosomes and cromatids in each new cell, haploid
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Cytokinesis
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two completely separate cells, no longer connected.
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G1
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cell grows in size first and longest step in interphase
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S
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(synthesis), the DNA replication occurs, cromatin double
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G2
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last stage in interphase, cromatin begin to pair up, cell prepares to divide
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how do prokaryotes reproduce?
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binary fission, the cell replicates dna then splits
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How do eukaryotes reproduce?
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they go through the cell cycle:
interphase(g1,s,g2), mitosis,then cytokenisis |
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What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
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sexual- when is two parents each give genetic information to the new cell.
asexual- one parent an exact copy |
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What is the importance of each step in the cell cycle?
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G1-cell grows, 1 cromatin
S- cromatin double G2- cromatin pair up propase- make an X metaphase- cromosomes align in the middle anaphase-chromosomes split telophase- cells start to separate cytokinesis- two completely spearate cells |
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What are the parts of interphase?
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G1- cell grows
S-cromatin double G2- cromatin pair up |
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How many chromosomes in each somatic cell?
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23 pair, 46 chromosomes
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Stomatic cell
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skin cells
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What are the characteristics of cancer
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it reproduces asexually, it is characterized as a disease from uncontrolled cell division
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