Science Final Review

Front 1

Static Electricity

Back 1

the study of behavior of electric charges, including how charge is transferred between objects

Front 2

Induction

Back 2

the transfer of charge without contact between material

Front 3

Contact

Back 3

an electric charge at the surface of contact of two different materials

Front 4

Friction

Back 4

a force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other

Front 5

Insulator

Back 5

a material that resists the flow of electric charge

Front 6

Resistance

Back 6

the opposition to the flow of electric charges in a material

Front 7

Electric Potential Energy

Back 7

the electric charge held within something

Front 8

Electric Field

Back 8

a field in a region of space that exerts electric forces on charge particles; a field produced by electric charges or by changing magnetic fields

Front 9

Current

Back 9

the flow of electric charge

Front 10

Potential Difference

Back 10

voltage, or the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in an electric field

Front 11

Magnet

Back 11

material or object that produces a magnetic field

Front 12

Poles

Back 12

the two ends, which are the regions of concentrated lines of force, are called the POLES of the magnet. Magnets have two magnetic poles and both poles have equal magnetic strength.

Front 13

Permanent Magnet

Back 13

is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field.

Front 14

Power Source

Back 14

device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads

Front 15

Electromagnet

Back 15

a solenoid with a ferromagnetic core

Front 16

Magnetosphere

Back 16

the area surrounding Earth that is influenced by Earth’s magnetic field

Front 17

Magnetic Domain

Back 17

a region that has a large number of atoms with aligned magnetic fields

Front 18

Magnetic Poles

Back 18

a region on a magnet where the force produced by the magnet is strongest

Front 19

Demagnetized

Back 19

to remove magnetic properties by extreme heat, or smashing

Front 20

Circuits

Back 20

a complete path through which electric charge can flow

Front 21

Parallel Circuit

Back 21

an electric circuit with two or more paths through which charge can flow

Front 22

Series Circuit

Back 22

an electric circuit with only one path through which charge can flow

Front 23

Igneous Rock

Back 23

rock that forms from magma or lava

Front 24

Metamorphic Rock

Back 24

rock that has been changed by temperature, pressure, or reactions with hot water

Front 25

Sedimentary Rock

Back 25

rock that forms over time as sediment is squeezed and cemented together

Front 26

Rock Cycle

Back 26

a series of processes in which rocks continuously change from one type to another

Front 27

Alfred Wegner

Back 27

a pioneer in plate tectonics, who used reason and scientific method to prove a theory that the world was once “Pangea”

Front 28

Continental Drift

Back 28

the process in which the continents move slowly across Earth’s surface

Front 29

Subduction Zone

Back 29

mark sites of convective down welling of the Earth's lithosphere

Front 30

Trench

Back 30

a long, deep depression in the ocean floor where old oceanic crust sinks into the mantle

Front 31

Continental Crust

Back 31

the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves

Front 32

Oceanic Crust

Back 32

is the part of Earth's lithosphere that surfaces in the ocean basins

Front 33

Convergent Boundary

Back 33

a boundary at which tectonic plates collide

Front 34

Divergent Boundary

Back 34

a boundary at which tectonic plates move apart

Front 35

Transform Boundary

Back 35

a boundary at which tectonic plates slide past each other, moving in opposite directions

Front 36

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Back 36

a change of under-water mountains

Front 37

Layers of Earth

Back 37

Crust, Mantel, Outer Core, Inner Core

Front 38

Convection Currents

Back 38

circulation of a fluid in a loop as the fluid alternately heats up and cools down

Front 39

Plate Tectonics

Back 39

the theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere, called plates, move about slowly on top of the asthenosphere

Front 40

Carbon Footprint

Back 40

the total set of greenhouse gases produced by a person

Front 41

“Green” Technology

Back 41

encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products

Front 42

Nitrogen

Back 42

nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14

Front 43

Oxygen

Back 43

Atomic Number: 8, Mass: 15.9, Symbol O, Gas at room temperature oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other elements

Front 44

Hydrogen

Back 44

Atomic Number: 1, Mass: 1.0, Symbol H, Hydrogen combines with other elements to form numerous compounds

Front 45

Carbon Dioxide

Back 45

a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state, as a trace gas

Front 46

Pressure

Back 46

the result of a force distributed over an area

Front 47

Stratosphere

Back 47

the layer of Earth’s atmosphere above the troposphere

Front 48

Thermosphere

Back 48

the outermost later of Earth’s atmosphere

Front 49

Troposphere

Back 49

the lowest later of Earth’s atmosphere, where most weather occurs

Front 50

Mesosphere

Back 50

the lower portion of Earth’s mantle, the layer of Earth’s atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere

Front 51

Ozone Layer

Back 51

a region of ozone concentration in the stratosphere

Front 52

Acid Rain

Back 52

a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions

Front 53

Sulfur Dioxide

Back 53

the chemical compound with the formula SO2

Front 54

Sulfuric Acid

Back 54

a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4

Front 55

Photochemical Smog

Back 55

the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, which leaves airborne particles and ground-level ozone.

Front 56

Water Cycle

Back 56

the continuous movement of water in all its forms among Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and land

Front 57

Evaporation

Back 57

the process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance’s boiling point

Front 58

Transpiration

Back 58

the loss of water through the leaves of plants

Front 59

Condensation

Back 59

the phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid

Front 60

Runoff

Back 60

water that flows over Earth’s surface

Front 61

Ground Water

Back 61

the fresh water found beneath Earth’s surface within cracks and among particles of rock and soil

Front 62

Precipitation

Back 62

is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity

Front 63

Aquifer

Back 63

a permeable rock layer that is saturated with water

Front 64

Well

Back 64

an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers

Front 65

Water Table

Back 65

the top surface of the saturated zone

Front 66

Artesian Well

Back 66

a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure

Front 67

Eutrophication

Back 67

is the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system

Front 68

Biomagnification

Back 68

is the increase in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a consequence

Front 69

Food Chain

Back 69

a sequence of links in a food web starting from a trophic species that eats no other species in the web and ends at a trophic species that is eaten by no other species