Science Final Exam Study Guide

Front 1

movement of air to form winds

Back 1

warm air rises cool air sinks

low pressure <---- high pressure wind moves across the surface.

Front 2

greenhouse gasses

Back 2

carbon dioxide, methane. nitrous oxide. most molecules of the greenhouse gas in the troposphere. absorb and give off infrared radiation. do not form single layer.

Front 3

types of radiation

Back 3

infrared- less energy than visible light
ultraviolet- more enrgy than the light you can see.

Front 4

ozone layer

Back 4

molecule made of 3 atoms of the element oxygen. stratosphere- ozone and regular gasses break apart and reform. protects life on earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.

Front 5

temperature and composition

Back 5

thermosphere- air very thin
mesosphere-31mi. up-above99% of molecules
stratosphere- thinner as you move up ozone absorbs energy
troposphere- layer heated by ground.

Front 6

normal gasses in the atmosphere

Back 6

nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide. MOstly nitrogen (78%), oxygen(21%). also includes materials-tiny particles-dust, salt, water droplets.

Front 7

heat transfer in the atmosphere

Back 7

radiation is energy that travels across distances in the form of waves. sunlight can be reflected or absorbed. energy from the light heats the sunstance that absorbs it.

Front 8

effect of altitude on air pressure

Back 8

air pressure decreases as you go higher in the atmosphere.

Front 9

density of air

Back 9

decreases as you travel upward. thickness or thinness of air.

Front 10

cfc's

Back 10

chloroflourocarbons
coolants, spray cans, foam packaging. break down in atmosphere-hamr ozone layer.

Front 11

greenhouse effect

Back 11

gasses absorb and emit infrared radiation. keep earth's energy in our system.

Front 12

pollutant: methane

Back 12

contributes to greenhouse gasses. comes from cattle and livestock, crops, landfills.

Front 13

types of mass movement

Back 13

rockfall-individual block of rock falling down mountain sides.
rockslide- large mass of rock slides down as a unit.
mudflow- mixture of rocks ,soil, plants slides down.
slump- slide of loose debris that moves as a unit.
creep- slowest mass movement of soil or debris- 1-10 m.m. per year.

Front 14

agents of erosion

Back 14

wind-strong winds lift patricles of dusat amd carry them long distances.
water-rain water, water from melting snow flow down sloping land carrying rock and soil.
ice- moves downhill transporting rock and soil particles embedded in it.

Front 15

effects of gravity on large scale movement of rock/soil

Back 15

gravity pulls material downward.can be sudden or gradual.

Front 16

features of a floodplain

Back 16

area of land on either side of a stream that's under water when stream floods.

Front 17

how meanders and oxbow lakes form

Back 17

land flatten, streams and rivers widen and take curvier paths. oxbow- during flood, stream may cut new channel that bypasses meander-the cutoff meander forms crescent shaped lake.

Front 18

drainage system

Back 18

area of land in which water drains into stream system.
separated by divides
3 basins-miss, col., columbia.

Front 19

divide

Back 19

border of a drainage basin -ridge from which water drains to one side or the other.

Front 20

role of slope in age of a river

Back 20

young-high elevation and steep slope.
maturw- changing elevation not so steep slope.
old- low elevation almost no slope at all.

Front 21

deltas- types and formation

Back 21

area of land formed by buildup of sediment at the end of a river.

Front 22

soil composition

Back 22

weathered rock particles
-sand
-silt
-clay
organic matter
plant-humus
animal-decaying and waste product
,oisture-pore spaces or organic matter
air pore spaces-plant roots need it.

Front 23

soil horizons

Back 23

layer of soil with properties that differ from nearby layers.

Front 24

organisms in soil

Back 24

plant(trees, grass,etc.)
animal(worms,ants,mice0
microorganisms
(decomposers-bacteria and fungi)

Front 25

properties of soil

Back 25

color indicates composition
texture-relative amount of soil components.
porosity-how much pore space
p.h.-how acidic or basic soil is.
permeability-how fast water moves
water retention-how much water absorbed.

Front 26

humus

Back 26

decayed organic matter in soil.

Front 27

types of weathering

Back 27

mechanical- breaking up of rocks by physical forces.
chemical-breakdown of rocks by chemical reaction that change rock's make up or composition.

Front 28

factors affecting weathering

Back 28

exfoliation-layers of rock gradually break down.
abrasion-process of wearing down by friction.

Front 29

how humans affect soil

Back 29

grow plants/farming
buildings
lumber from trees
clothes(cotton,silk,bamboo)
purify water
farming (strip land,fertilizer)
construction/development.

Front 30

layers of soil

Back 30

topsoil
brownish/reddish soil
light yellowish/brown soil.

Front 31

global warming

Back 31

rising of average temperatures of earth.
caused by greenhouse gasses humans add to the air (carbon dioxide, methane(cattle) nitrous oxide(fertilizers).

Front 32

sewage system/septic system

Back 32

a sewage system is a system that collects and treats wastewater from a city or town. Sewage pipes carry wastewater from homes and businesses to the treatment plant. First wastewater is strained to remove large objects. Then water is pumped into a tank, where it sits until the heaviest sludge sinks to the bottom. Sludge is taken away to decompose in another tank and then chlorine is added to kill harmful bacteria. A septic system is a small wastewater system used by a home or a business. Spetic systems are more common in less populated areas that don't have central sewage treatment centers.

Front 33

ways to conserve water

Back 33

1. use less water.
2. some cities can conserve their water supply by repairing leaks in the pipes underground.
3. recycle water or use water again for the same purpose.

Front 34

how water is purified for human consumption

Back 34

1. water in a river or lake is piped to a treatment plant.
2. water flows through mixers, where clumping agents and disinfecting chemicals are added.
3. water flows into a cleaning pool, so it can be cleaned.
4. water flows through coal, sand, gravel which firlter out tiny particles of dust and dirt.
5. now water looks clear and clean chlorine is added to kill the last of the bacteria.
6. water leaves the treatment plant and is stored in a big water tank so that it is available when people need it.

Front 35

how aquifers purify water

Back 35

layer of permeable material holds the wtaer. groundwater is stored in pore spaces of gravel, sand, or rock.
neighboring area of impermeable rock keeps the water from draining out.
source of water refills the aquifer. like any body of water and aquifer can be emptied.

Front 36

types of water pollution

Back 36

homes- improper disposal of household batteries, chemicals, and motor oil. use of fertilizers and pesticides. poorly functioning septic systems.
sewage- wrong disposal of factory wastewater. bad functioning sewage systems.
cities- illegal dumping of toxic chemicals. water and pollutants running off from streets.
farms- heavy use of fertilizer and pesticides. leaks of animal wastes.
shipping, boating, and oil transport- spills of oil or other cargo from bardges and ships. fuel spills and leakage from small boats. illegal dumping.

Front 37

how a lock works

Back 37

a section of waterway, closed off by gates, then water is raised or lowered to move ships through.

Front 38

groundwater

Back 38

plants use some of the water that sinks into the ground , the rest of it sinks deeper into earth. Water held underground.

Front 39

drought

Back 39

long period of abnormally low rainfall. can destroy crops and dry up water supplies.

Front 40

aquaculture

Back 40

science and business of raising and harvesting fish in a controlled situation. it can cause some problems- farms can cause excess nutrients and pollution to flow into rivers and lakes.

Front 41

concentration

Back 41

amount of a substance that is in another substance. for example soft drinks have a high concentration of sugar in water. it is often expressed in parts per million or (ppm).

Front 42

desalination

Back 42

process of removing salt from ocean water. in dry regoins suchs as israel and lebanon, people are trying to get fresh water this way.

Front 43

how man affect/control rivers

Back 43

man made levees are made to contropl the pathways of rivers.

Front 44

time frame for making soil

Back 44

the process takes over 100 years for the development of soil horizons. Soil horizons also take long perods of time to form.

Front 45

can objects erode without weathering first

Back 45

no because mountains must be weathered before they can erode.

Front 46

deposition of sediments as velocity goes to zero

Back 46

slope goes to zero velocity slows sediments dropping in channel. First gravel, then sand, next silt, finally clay.