Science Final Exam

Front 1

taxonomic key

Back 1

a chart that shows how to classify certain organisms

Front 2

classification levels

Back 2

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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Charles Darwin

Back 3

English naturalist and geologist best known for his contributions to the theory of evolution

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unicellular

Back 4

having only one cell

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multicellular

Back 5

having many cells

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autotroph

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an organism that makes its own food

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heterotroph

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an organism that gets its energy by feeding on others

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prokaryote

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organism has no nucleus in its cell(s)

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eukaryote

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organism has a nucleus in its cell(s)

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asexual reproduction

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one parent

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sexual reproduction

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two parents

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in a fungus-plant root association, what does the fungus get

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food

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in a fungus-plant root association, what does the plant get

Back 13

water and minerals

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amoeba

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a protozoan that moves by pushing its pseudopods and surrounding its food

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pseudopods

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"false feet"; temporary bulges of the cell

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paramecium

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a protozoan that moves with cilia

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cilia

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hairlike projections from cells that move with a wavelike motion

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pellicle

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a stiff but flexible covering that surrounds a paramecium and gives it shape

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contractile vacuole

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a structure that collects the extra water and expels it from a protozoan

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oral groove

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funnel-like indentation lined with cilia

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food vacuole

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forms and pinches off from the oral groove

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flagellates

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protozoans that use flagella to move

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flagella

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long, whip-like organelles

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symbiosis

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a close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits

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mutualism

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a type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit

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parasitism

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a type of symbiosis in which only one organism benefits and the other is harmed

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photosynthesis formula (numbers)

Back 27

6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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photosynthesis formula (words)

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6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water = Sugar + 6 Oxygen

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vascular plants

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plants with a vascular system

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nonvascular plants

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plants with no vascular system

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angiosperms

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vascular plants that produce with seeds and have flowers and fruits

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gymnosperms

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vascular plants that produce with seeds but do not have flowers or fruits

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types of stems

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herbaceous; woody

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herbaceous stems

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contain no wood and are often soft

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woody stems

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hard and rigid; trees

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cambium

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a layer of cells in woody stems which divide to produce new phloem and xylem

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pollination

Back 37

the transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure

Front 38

germination

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occurs when the embryo begins to grow again and pushes out of the seed

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transpiration

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the process by which water evaporates through the plant's leaves

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monocot

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-one cotyledon

-parallel leaf veins

-vascular tissue scattered

-multiple of 3 petals

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dicot

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-two cotyledons

-branching leaf veins

-vascular tissue arranged

-multiple of 4 or 5 petals

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active viruses

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viruses that take effect right away

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hidden viruses

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viruses that stay in the cell's genetic code before taking effect

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viruses

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not alive; parasites

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bacteria

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some good, some harmless, some bad; alive

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vascular tissue

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-supports plant

-transports food, water, and minerals

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cuticle

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a shiny, waterproof covering on leaves

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xylem

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carries water throughout the plant

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phloem

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carries food throughout the plant

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stomata

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small openings that open and close to allow the flow of gases into and out of the leaf

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upper leaf cells

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tightly packed cells to trap energy from sunlight

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lower leaf cells

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widely spaced cells to allow carbon dioxide to flow through the leaf

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surface cells

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cells on the surface of the leaf

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leaf function

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to make food

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flower function

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to reproduce

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petal

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attract pollinators

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pistil

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female reproductive part

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stamen

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male reproductive part

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anther

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pollen factory

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filament

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stalk that holds up the anther

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stigma

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sticky top of the pistil

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style

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slender tube that connects the stigma and the ovary

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ovary

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holds the ovules

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ovules

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hold the eggs

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sepals

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small, leaflike parts of a flower

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two plant life cycle stages

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-sporophyte stage

-gametophyte stage

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sporophyte stage

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plant produces spores

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gametophyte stage

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plant produces egg cells and sperm cells, then fertilization produces a zygote

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viral infection

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-currently no cure

-best treatment: bed rest and fluids

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bacterial infection

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cure = antibiotics

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antibiotic resistance

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bacteria evolve and are able to survive in the presence of the antibiotic

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vaccine

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-a substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy certain viruses or bacteria

-prevents illness

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antibiotic

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-a substance that fights off bacteria

-cures illness

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spontaneous generation

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a theory that speculated life could spring from nonliving matter

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cell theory

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-all living things are made of cells

-cells are the basic building blocks of life

-living cells come from other living cells

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characteristics of living things

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-made of cells

-able to move

-able to perform complex chemical activities

-grow and develop

-respond to stimuli

-reproduce

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growth

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getting bigger

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development

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getting more complex

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seed

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a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering

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embryo

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young plant that develops from the zygote

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cotyledons

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seed leaves; sometimes store food

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seed coat

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outer covering of a seed

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parts of a seed

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-embryo

-cotyledon(s)

-stem and root

-seed coat

-stored food

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function of roots

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to collect water and minerals from the soil

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cell wall

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-protects and supports

-plant cells only

-made of cellulose

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cell membrane

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controls movement of material in and out or the cell

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nucleus

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-control center

-surrounded by nuclear membrane

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chromosomes

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-made of nucleic acid

-direct all cell activity

-thick, rodlike

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nucleic acid

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DNA; RNA

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nucleolus

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"little nucleus"

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cytoplasm

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-clear, thick, jellylike substance

-fills area between nucleus and cell membrane

-other organelles are found in the cytoplasm

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endoplasmic reticulum

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-"ER"

-transportation system

-carries protein

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ribosomes

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protein factory

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lysosomes

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contains enzymes

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mitochondria

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energy factory

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vacuole

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storage organelle

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chloroplast

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-plants only

-makes food

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specialized cell

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a cell that is made for specific purpose or function

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animal cell

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-round

-many vacuoles

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plant cell

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-cell wall

-one vacuole

-chloroplasts

-rectangular

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living things need:

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-water

-food

-a habitat

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diffusion

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molecules even out

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osmosis

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water molecules even out

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evolution

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process by which species gradually change over time

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Robert Hooke

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discovered dead plant cells in a cork

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cell specialization

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1-cell

2-tissue

3-organ

4-organ system

5-organism

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cell division

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the process by which a cell divides

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phases of cell division

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-interphase

-prophase

-metaphase

-anaphase

-telophase

-cytokinesis

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mitosis

Back 109

-phases 2-5 of cell division

-the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides into two identical nuclei

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phases of mitosis

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-prophase

-metaphase

-anaphase

-telophase

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interphase

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-phase 1

-chromosomes are copied

-cell performing its ordinary life functions

-not dividing

-usual stage

-longest

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prophase

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-phase 2

-nucleus divides into two nuclei

-chromatin change from thread-like coils to short, rod-like chromosomes

-centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

-mash-like spindle develops between the centrioles

-near end:

-nuclear membrane begins to break down

-nucleolus disappears

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metaphase

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-phase 3

-chromosomes are attached to the spindle by the centromere

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anaphase

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-phase 4

-centromere splits, separating the sister chromatids

-chromatids move to opposite end of the cell

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telophase

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-phase 5

-chromosomes coil, called chromatin

-a nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin at each end

-nucleolus reappears in each nucleus

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cytokinesis

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-phase 6

-cytoplasm divides into two equal parts

-cell membrane pinches inward, creating two daughter cells

-each has the same number of original chromosomes

-each has a nucleus with identical chromosomes