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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A stream's capacity is...
greatest during a time of low water level, constant regardless of water level, minimal during a flood, greatest during a flood |
greatest during a flood
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a stream's competence is... greatest in a slow flowing stream, greatest in a fast floring stream, constant regardless of water level, constant regardless of stream velocity
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greatest in a fast flowing stream
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the water on the outside of a stream curves moves...
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faster than the water on the inside
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the top of a waterfall is an example of
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temporary local base level
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high-gradient streams are likely to form... narrow v shaped valleys, wide vallesy with meandering stream channels, wide floodplains and river deltas, numerous waterfalls
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narrow v shaped valleys
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large quantity of groundwater is usually found in layers of sediments and rocks of what kind of porosity and permeability (high or low)
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high porosity and high permeability
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which can permanently reduce flooding... dams, global warming, artificial levees
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none of the above
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which features are found at divergent plate boundaries... hotspots, oceanic abyssal plains, midocean reidges, deep ocean trenches
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mid ocean ridges
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which features are found at subduction zones...hotspots, oceanic abyssal plains, mid ocean ridges, deep ocean trenches
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deep ocean trenches
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the water on earth comes from...
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gases from volcanic eruptions and comets
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what is the source of most the energy that fuels the hydrosphere
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solar energy
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what percentage of the earth's water is fresh and not frozen
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less than 1%
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the largest use of water in the us is for what
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agriculture
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the surface salinity of the ocean is highest at the equator, mid lat 30 degrees, north and south polar regions, arctic sea
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mid lat 30 degrees
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passive continental margins occur at convergent, divergent, or subduction zones
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not at plate boundaries at all
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where does the salt in the oceans come from
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billions of years of weathering and erosion of rocks and volcanic eruptions
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what causes surface currents
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wind
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surface current circulation in the north atlantic flows how
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clockwise across the whole n. atlantic
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the pump for thermohaline convection could be found where
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in the north atlantic ocean
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upwelling can be found where
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south pacific ocean near 30 lat by south america coast
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active continental margin can be found where
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north pacific ocean by washington/canada coast
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what is the direction of ocean current at the 30 degree lat in the south pacific ocean near south american coast
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towards northwest
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what time of year would you expect the strongest (fastest) thermohaline convection
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in the winter
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el nino occurs where
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in the equatorial pacific ocean
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when el nino occurs, the peruvian fishermen notice what kind of temp in their areas
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warming
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why do we have tides
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sea level rises and falls b/c of the gravitational attraction of moon and sun
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how does a full moon influence the tides
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high tides are higher and low tides are lower
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deep water circulations are caused by
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differences in water density
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an upwelling carries (warm/cold) (surface/depth) water from the(central coast/ocean depths) to the (coasts/surface)
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cold water from the ocean depths to the surface
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if the longshore current is flowing from hotel 1 to hotel 3 and hotel 2 decides to put up a groin, which hotel sues?
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hotel 3 b/c they will lose their beaches to hotel 2
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list 3 reasons why beaches are a dunamic system
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1) tides/waves
2) sand gets eroded and deposited 3) weather 4) longshore current |
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list 3 examples of how human activities have led to serious negative impacts on the natural environment
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1) land subsidence due to water depletion
2) loss of beaches due to sea walls 3) flooding due to dams |
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how much of the earth's surface is covered by water
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70%
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how much of earth's water is in the ocean
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97.5%
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what is the energy source for the water cycle
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the sun
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competence
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the largest size of gravel/sediment a stream can transport (related to velocity)
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capacity
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the total amount of sediment a stream can hold (related to discharge)
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ultimate base-level of a river
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sea level
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termporary local base level
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temporary resistant area which water flows over in a river
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what happens in the long term when a river flows through a temp local base level
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it turns from an ungraded stream to a graded stream (eroded away)
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what kind of river vallesy do u find upstream and why
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v shaped b/c the river flows faster and downcutting is prominant
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what kind of river valleys do u normally find downstream of a river and why
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wide valley because slower water and lateral eroxion
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what causes floods
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weather
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what is the natural purpose for river floodplains
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to give someplace for the water to go when a river floods
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why can artifical levees lead to more severe flooding
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bottlenecks for example cause upstream flooding
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what are major drawbacks of dam construction
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you stop sediment flor-- dams begin to not work and water will eventually fill up the dam and overflow
causes flooding upstream |
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porosity
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amount of holes
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what causes the coriolis effect and how does it deflect current in each hemisphere?
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earth turning/rotating
n: veers right s: veers left |
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deep water is (warm/cold, saltier/less salty, denser/less dense)?
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cold, saltier, denser
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what factors affect the size of waves
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1) wind speed
2) length of time wind blows 3) distance wind blows |
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what is stellar parallax, how do astronomers use it, what does it tell us about the stars
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the parallax is used to determine how far away a star is from us
when you observe the star from one angle and then observe it from a different angle, it appears to have moved in comparison to the stars behind it the more it appears to have moved, the closer the star is the less it appears to have moved, the further away the parallax angle is the angle at which it has "moved" |
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divergent plate boundaries
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move away from one another
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convergent plate boundaries
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plates move toward each other
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transform faults
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plates move side by side/ back and forth next to each other
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when oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere collide what happens
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the oceanic lithosphere gets pulled under the continental lithosphere because it's denser
the friction causes heat and the heat melts magma and the magma rises and usually creates volcanoes on the continental plate |
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silicon tetrahedron
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silicon atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms
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how old is the earth
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4.6 bill yrs
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when did dinosaurs go extinct
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65 mill yrs ago
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when did humans first appear
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5-7 mill yrs ago
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uniformitariansim
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geological change occurs over long periods of time by a sequence of almost imperceptible events
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catastrophism
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sometimes rapid change like earthquakes and volcanoes change earth's surface, etc
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what are the three major principles of relative dating
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crosscutting, original horizontality, superposition
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4 spheres
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biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere
the last three are inorganic/inanimate |
boys all hate girls
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planets in order
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mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, pluto
jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, and pluto are all jovian planets |
my very excited mom just sent us new pillows
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how does the atmosphere regulate temp extremes b/t the polar and equatorial regions
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the hot air stays inside the atmosphere at the equator, but moves towards the cooler ares (the poles)
this creates a vacuum for cool air to flow into from the poles |
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scientific method tells us that...
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the natural world behaves in a consistent manner
nothing can ever be proven w/o a doubt |
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nuclear fussion
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when 4H becomes He, it releases a great amount of energy/heat (like the H-bomb)
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1st law of thermodynamics
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energy can never be created or destroyed
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isotope
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same # of P, different # of N
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what you can determine about stars/planets/galaxies from it's position
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motion, gravity, mass
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from the brightness of stars/planets, we infer...
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size, temp, distance
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from the color of a star/planet, we infer...
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temp
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higher frequency = (higher/lower) energy
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higher energy
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dopplar effect
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high frequency when moving towards u, low frequency when moving away
high freq= blue stars, low freq= red stars |
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hertsprung-russel (H-R)
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two scientists who graphed a pattern between a star's temp and it's luminosity (brightness) and it's size
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smaller stars = (more/less) bright, (high/low) temp
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less bright, higher temp
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% of stars that are main sequence stars
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90% (fall on the trend line)
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lifespan of large/small stars
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large= short lifespans
small= long lifespans |
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two things that determine lifesan of a star
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1) how much eneergy it has to start with (determined by it's size)
2) rate at which it burns energy |
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major struggle of a star
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gravity squeezes the star inward while internal pressure withstands the gravity
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star lifeline
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gas and dust
main sequence red giant planetary nebula white dwarf |
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large massed star lifeline
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gas and dust
main sequence (mass loss) super giant then either...(supernova explosion) neutron star and supernova remnant OR black hole |
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binary system
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two stars spinning around eachother
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black hole
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when there is a binary system with one invisible star
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terrestrial planets
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rocky
smaller metal core thin atmosphere |
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jovian planets
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far away and spread out
swirling liquid or gas larger mainly gas rocky core |
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asteroid vs. meterorite
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meteorite enters the atmosphere
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lithosphere
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solid, outter layer, crust and a bit of outter mantle
"hard shell" |
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asthenosphere
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weak
plastic-like softer can move and flow |
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lower mantle
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more solid than asthenosphere
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outer core
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liquid metal
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inner core
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solid
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layers of the earth
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crust
lithosphere asthenosphere mantle liquid outer core solid inner core |
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wegner
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came up with the idea of continental drift
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hot spot
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rising plume of hot mantle rock turnes into rising magma and then volcanoes
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relative dating
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looking at rocks and comparing their age without giving a presise date to them
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cross cutting
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intrusion of rocks
the rock being cut is older than the rock doing the cutting |
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discontinuities/unconformity
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when rocks are preserved, but some rocks are missing (certain time periods didn't contribute any rock or it was eroded away)
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fauna succession
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using fossils to determine the age of rocks
time index of fossils used to develop a relative time or rocks |
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half life
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time that it takes for half of the element to change
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velocity of a river
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how fast the water flows
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gradient of a stream
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slope
vertical drop divided by horizontal distance |
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discharge
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amount of water in the stream that passes a certain point in the stream in a unit time (m cubed per second)
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greatest discharge
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amazon
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discharge is highest in what month
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may when the snow melts
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most important force on earth which shapes the landscape
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streams/rivers
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3 stages of stream process
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1) erosion
2) transportation 3) deposition |
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sediment load
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how much a river can carry
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dissolved load
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chemicals, nutrients, etc that are/can be absorbed by the water and carried away
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suspended load
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very fine particles that do not settle to the bottom
give water a murky/muddy look |
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river that carries most amount of sediment into the sea (highest suspended load)
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yellow river
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bed load
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large gravel or sand that's not suspended, but still carried away at the bottom
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distributaries
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little channels that come off the main channel in an allucial fan/delta
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channelization
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trying to get the sediment out of a dam to keep it running so it won't fill up
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withdrawl water usage
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you draw water from a source, use it, and return it locally
ie water going down drains has a large impact on water QUALITY |
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consumption of water usage
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water drawn from a source, used, and returned to a different source far away
ie irrigation-- water is evaporated has a large impact on water QUANTITY |
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hard water
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more salt
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salinization
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when hard water is used to irrigate land and it evaporates, the salt doesn't/can't evaporate so the land becomes laiden with salt
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zone of saturation
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porous or fractured rock or regolith saturated with water
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permiability
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how easily water can flow in this substance
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salt water intrusion
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happens in coastal ares
when a well takes most of the fresh water so salt water begins to come through the well |
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beach nourishment
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dump sand on the beach from somewhere else
very expensive very temporary (5 yrs on avg) |
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major nonrenewable energy sources
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fossil fuels
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major renewable sources
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wood, wind, water, sun
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amount of oil u can retreat from any given spot
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only about 70-80%
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global warming
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caused by CO2, not the ozone layer
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causes destruction of ozone layer
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CFCs
found in frion hairsray etc |
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adiabatic change
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relationship between temp and pressure
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adiabatic heating
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if air moves from low to higher pressure, without additional heat change
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adiabatic cooling
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if air moves from high to lower pressure, without additional heat change
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rising balloon...
(bigger/smaller, cooler/hotter, expand/contract) |
bigger, cooler, expand
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reason we have seasons
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the earth is tilted
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24 hours of darkness for the north pole in which season
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winter
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24 hours of sun for the north pole in which season
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summer
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ocean effect
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land heats up faster than ocean
land cools down faster than ocean water has a very high specific heat and is very resistant to temp change |
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air moves from (high/low) pressure to (high/low) pressure
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high to low
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convection cells
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13 for each hemisphere
trade winds: equator-30 lat westies: 30 lat-60 lat equitorial low subtropical high subpolar low polar high |
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spring tides
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whens sun and moon align
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neap tides
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when sun and mood are perpendicular to eachother
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Continental polar (cP)
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from northern canada and internior or alaska
winter: brings cold, dry air summer: brings cool relief |
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Maritime Tropical (mT)
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from the gulf of mexico and the atlantic
brings warm, moist, unstable air |
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Fronts
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boundary that separates different air masses
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warm front
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Warm air replaces cooler air
Shown on a map by a line with semicircles Clouds become lower as the front nears Slow rate of advance Light-to-moderate precipitation Gradual temperature increase with the passage of the front |
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cold front
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Cold air replaces warm air
Shown on a map by a line with triangles Advances faster than a warm front Associated weather is more violent than a warm front Intensity of precipitation is greater Duration of precipitation is shorter Weather behind the front is clearer and cooler |
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stationary front
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Flow of air on both sides of the front is almost parallel to the line of the front
Surface position of the front does not move |
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occuluded front
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Active cold front overtakes a warm front
Cold air wedges the warm air upward Weather is often complex or VIOLENT Precipitation is associated with warm air being forced aloft |
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cyclone
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(symbol: red L)
A center of low pressure Pressure decreases towards the center Winds spiral inwards: convergence Rising air in center Anti-clockwise on N. Hemisphere (right-hand rule) Often brings clouds and precipitation |
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anticyclone
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(symbol: blue H)
A center of high pressure Pressure increases towards the center Winds spiral outwards: divergence Descending air in center Anti-clockwise on N. Hemisphere (right-hand rule) Usually brings “fair” weather |
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