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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
unicellular
organisms that respond, transform, and reproduce
both prokaryotesand eukaryotes
maintain homeostastis INDEPENDENTLY
multicellular
don't live on own
communicate/ work with others to maintain homeostasis
DEPENDENT
passive transport
doesn't require energy!
force behind movement in a membrane
involves diffusion
Diffusion
particles move from area of high concentration to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
diffusion where molecules pass through special channels
osmosis
diffusion from high to low through selectively permeable membrane
selectively permeable membrane
layer picky about which substances pass through
concentration
amount of substance in relation to volume of liquid
surface area
L x W
volume
L x W x H
Ratio
SA/V
cell division
cells divides into 2 daughter cells
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Interphase, mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Interphase
G1 cell increases in size
S DNA doubles
G2 prepares for mitosis
prophase
longest phase, chromosome is duplicated, spindles form
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers connect
anaphase
chromosomes separate from center
telophase
2 groups tangle up, fibers break
cytokinesis
occurs during telophase, divides cell with a pinch (animal cell) or cell wall (plant cell)
reactant
before entering chemical reaction
products
outcome from chemical reaction
catalyst
speeds up any kind of reaction
enzyme
biological catalyst in cell
variables: temperature, pH, molecules
cancer
disorder where body cells can't grow because of an error in cell division or carcinogens
carcinogens
cancerous chemical Ex. tobacco
benign
non-cancerous
tumor
mass of cancerous cells
malignant
cancerous, destroys healthy tissue
totipotent
can develop into any type of body cell
fertilized egg and sperm
pluripotent
can form most body cells including embryo tissues
multipotent
adult cells, limited potential
stem cells
nonspecialized cells that can create different cells
hypertonic
high solute
hypotonic
low solute
isotonic
same strength solute
autotroph
organism that makes its own food
heterotroph
consumer
independent variable
thing that is changed in experiment
dependent variable
activity of data
controlled variable
kept same or original
control group
normal option Ex. flower on Valentine's Day: rose
hypothesis
if... then...
qualitative
quality
quantitive
quantity (#s)
homestasis
constant condition in organisms
inference
interpretation/guess with past knowledge and experience
metabolism
chemical reactions that break or build materials in organism
trophic levels
steps in food chains or webs
producers
flow of energy, first in chain effect, autotrophs, primary
consumers
need to survive off other nutrients
decomposers
mushroom or fungi, feed by breaking down matter
autotrophs
make own food, primary producers
heterotrophs
consumers, must rely on energy from other consumers
herbivores
"green" eaters
carnivores
"meat eaters"
energy
ability to work
biomass
amount of living mass in each trophic level
cellular respiration
purpose of process: convert energy to ATP
1. glycolysis net gain of 2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid
2. krebs cycle 2 ATP, CO2, NADH
3. electron transport chain 02, H2O, 32 molecules of ATP
ATP vs. ADP
3 phosphate bonds vs. 2 phosphate bonds
Photosynthesis
light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction
Fermentation
releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without O2
ALCOHOLIC and LACTIC ACDID
food web
complex way of showing energy being transferred in ecosystem
food chain
energy is transferred through an ecosystem when organism eat or are being eaten
DNA
deoxyribose
RNA
ribos
transgenic
inserting recombined DNA into organism
replication
DNA replicates, happens during S-Phase, strands unzip, make complimentary nucleotides
Polymerase Chain Reaction
makes copies of gene
tRNA, mRNA
transfer in ribosome, messenger in nucleus
frameshift mutation
deletion, messes up complimentary codons
point mutation
1 point at struct of base
nucleotide
consists off...
1. sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen baases (ATGC)
plasmid
circular DNA molecules
restriction enzyme
cuts DNA
sticky ends
segments from restriction enzyme
clone
identical to original to organism
gel electrophoresis
separating segments of DNA by length