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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Newtons three laws of motion |
1- Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an outside force 2- Force is equal to mass times acceleration 3- Every action has an equal and opposite reaction |
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Newtons three laws of motion (examples) |
1- Gravity pulling an object thrown in the air 2- Effect on force on a baseball vs a truck 3- The kick when a bullet is fired out of a gun |
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Distance vs Displacement |
Distance- a scalar quantity that measures how much ground an object has covered during motion Displacement- a vector quantity that measures how far out of place an object is, the overall change in position |
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Speed vs Velocity |
Speed- a scalar quantity that refers to how much ground an object has covered during its motion. Velocity- the rate in which an object changes position in a particular direction (vector) |
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Acceleration |
The rate of change of velocity per unit of time. Equal to change in speed/time taken when accelerating from a standstill. When accelerating while already moving it is equal to Vf= Vi + at |
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Speed and acceleration graphs |
Shows how the speed of an object changes over time. The steeper the gradient of the line the higher the acceleration. |
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Deacceleration |
The rate in which an object loses speed, negative acceleration |
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Velocity, Distance and Speed equations. |
Velocity= distance/time Distance= velocity x time Time= distance/velocity |
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Inertia |
The property of objects which makes them resist change in their motion. |
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Conversions |
1km= 1000 meters 1 hour= 3600 seconds 1km= 0.6 miles |
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The theory of evolution via natural selection |
1- More individuals are produced each generation that can survive.
2- Phenotype variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable. 3- Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive. 4- When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form. |
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Biological fitness |
The ability to survive to reproductive age, find a mate, and produce offspring.
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Biological species concept |
The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance.
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Reproductive isolation |
A collection of mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring
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Allopatric speciation |
Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents genetic interchange.
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Divergent evolution |
Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species.
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Convergent evolution |
The process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or other influencing factors.
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Relative dating of fossils |
Fossils can help to match rocks of the same age, even when you find those rocks a long way apart. This matching process is called correlation.
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Absolute dating of fossils |
Gives exact date, uses half life of various ions. |
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Index fossils |
For a fossil to be a good index fossil, it needs to have lived during one specific time period, be easy to identify and have been abundant and found in many places.
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Homologous traits |
(of organs) similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function.
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Analogous traits |
(of organs) performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds.
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Biochemistry |
Biochemistry is the study of the basic chemistry and processes that occur in cells.
The biochemistry of all living things on Earth is incredibly similar, showing that all of Earth’s organisms share a common ancestry. |
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Biochemical evidence for evolution |
Organisms' DNA sequences also show evidence for common ancestry.
Protein sequence comparison |
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Chemical reaction |
A process that involves rearrangement of the ionic structure of a substance.
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Neutralization reaction |
A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other and form a neutral substance.
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Precipitation reaction |
A precipitate is an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution. The emergence of the insoluble solid from solution is called precipitation
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Decomposition reaction |
The separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds.
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Combustion reaction |
An exothermic reaction in which something reacts with oxygen.
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Polymerization reaction |
A process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains.
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Law of conservation of mass. |
The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations. According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants.
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Exothermic reactions |
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat.
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Endothermic reactions |
The term endothermic process describes a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings; usually, in the form of heat.
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Reaction rate |
Reaction rate, the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds.
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Increases reaction rate |
- Heat - high concentration - pressure - a catalyst |
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Independent variable |
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.
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Dependent variable |
A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
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