Science Exam

Front 1

Life science

Back 1

the study of living things

Front 2

hypothesis

Back 2

an educated guess based on previous knowledge, a possiable answer to a question

Front 3

scientific method

Back 3

a series of steps scientists follow to find an answer to a question

Front 4

theory

Back 4

an explanation that ties together many hypotheses and observations

Front 5

area

Back 5

a measure of the size of a surface or a region

Front 6

volume

Back 6

the amount of space an object takes up

Front 7

mass

Back 7

the amount of matter in an object

Front 8

density

Back 8

the amount of matter in a given amount of space

Front 9

scientific method steps

Back 9

1) ask a question 2) form a hypothesis 3) test the hypothesis 4) analyze the results 5) draw conclusion 6) communicate your results

Front 10

why is the metric system useful?

Back 10

scientist use the metric system, which makes it easy to communicate their results with other scientists

Front 11

metric unit and abbreviation for mass

Back 11

gram-g

Front 12

metric unit and abbreviation for volume

Back 12

liter-L

Front 13

metric unit and abbreviation for length

Back 13

meter-m

Front 14

what device would you use to measure Mass?

Back 14

triple beam balance

Front 15

what device would you use to measure Volume

Back 15

graduated cylinder

Front 16

what device would you use to measure length

Back 16

meter stick

Front 17

cell

Back 17

a membrane covered structure that can preform all life processes

Front 18

stimulus

Back 18

a change in an organisms environment that causes a change in the behavior of the organism

Front 19

sexual reproduction

Back 19

when 2 parents produce offspring that share characteristics of both parents

Front 20

asexual reproduction

Back 20

when 1 parent produces an identical copy of itself

Front 21

heredity

Back 21

the passing of traits from one generation to the next

Front 22

protein

Back 22

a molecule of life that is made of amino acids and forms many structures like hair, fingernails, spiderwebs etc

Front 23

lipid

Back 23

a molecule of life that stores energy like fats and oils

Front 24

phospholipids

Back 24

a type of lipid that forms the cell membrane

Front 25

carbohydrate

Back 25

a molecule of like that stores energy like sugars and starches

Front 26

ATP

Back 26

a molecule of life that provides energy for the cell

Front 27

nucleic acid

Back 27

a molecule of life that contains genetic information like DNA and RNA

Front 28

6 characteristics of all living things

Back 28

1) can reproduce 2) use energy 3) have cells 4) have DNA 5) sense and respond to change 6) grow and develop

Front 29

How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?

Back 29

sexual needs 2 parents and asexual needs only 1 parent.

Front 30

what are the 4 necessities of living things?

Back 30

food, water, air, and a place to live

Front 31

what are the 5 molecules of life?

Back 31

1) proteins form structures like hair, fingernails and spider webs and they help chemical reactions to occur quickly 2) lipids – store energy for the organism 3) carbohydrates store energy for the organism 4) ATP provides energy for the cell 5) nucleic acids contain the genetic information

Front 32

cell membrane

Back 32

the structure that surrounds and encloses the cell and is made of phospholipids

Front 33

cytoplasm

Back 33

the gel like substance found in the cell that holds the organelle in place

Front 34

organelle

Back 34

structures that preform specific functions within the cell

Front 35

nucleus

Back 35

the large organelle in the cell that contains the DNA

Front 36

prokaryote

Back 36

organisms whose cells don't have a nucleus

Front 37

eukaryote

Back 37

organisms whose cells have a nucleus

Front 38

unicellular

Back 38

organisms that are made of only one cell

Front 39

multicellular

Back 39

organisms that are made of more than one cell

Front 40

cell wall

Back 40

a rigid structure found outside the cell membrane that provides support for the cell, found in plants cells, bacteria cells, and fungus cells

Front 41

ribosome

Back 41

the organelle that makes proteins

Front 42

mitochondrion

Back 42

the organelle that provides the cell with energy in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration

Front 43

chloroplast

Back 43

the organelle in plant cells uses sunlight to make food through the process of photosynthesis

Front 44

tissue

Back 44

a group of calls working together to preform a specific job

Front 45

organ

Back 45

a group of tissues working together to preform a specific job

Front 46

organ system

Back 46

a group of organs working together to preform a specific job

Front 47

organism

Back 47

a living thing

Front 48

what's the difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 48

eukaryotes have a nucleus and other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes do NOT have a nucleus or other specialized organelles

Front 49

whats the relationship between cells, tissue, organs, organ system, and organisms

Back 49

multicellular organisms are made of organ systems. Organ systems are made of organ systems. organ systems are made of tissue. tissues are made of cells

Front 50

diffusion

Back 50

the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Front 51

osmosis

Back 51

the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Front 52

semi-permeable membrane

Back 52

a barrier that allows some materials to pass through but not everything

Front 53

passive transport

Back 53

the diffusion of particles through a protein doorway in the cell membrane

Front 54

active tranport

Back 54

the movement of particles through a protein doorway in the cell membrane; particles move from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration and this process REQUIRES energy

Front 55

Protein doorways

Back 55

protein molecules in the cell membrane that allow particles to pass through

Front 56

Endocytosis

Back 56

the process in which cells engulf large particles into the cell

Front 57

Photosynthesis

Back 57

the process in which plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into food (glucose) and oxygen

Front 58

Cellular respiration

Back 58

the process in which cells use oxygen to break down food in order to produce energy in the form of ATP

Front 59

Chromosomes

Back 59

a structure in the nucleus that is made of DNA and protein

Front 60

Mitosis

Back 60

the process in which a cell copies itself; this process produces new identical cells

Front 61

Cytokinesis

Back 61

after mitosis, the final step in which the cell divides in half

Front 62

What's the relationship between diffusion and osmosis

Back 62

Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which the particle that moves across the cell membrane is water. In both processes, the particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration and they do NOT require energy.

Front 63

There are six ways that cells move particles into and out of the cell

Back 63

diffusion, osmosis, passive transport, active

Front 64

Describe photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Back 64

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into food (glucose) and oxygen. Cellular respiration is the process in which cells use oxygen to break down food in order to produce energy for the cells in the form of ATP.

Front 65

Where does each process occur?

Back 65

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrion.

Front 66

What is produced during each process?

Back 66

Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.

Front 67

What is the chemical equation for each process?

Back 67

Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + O2 Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Front 68

How is cellular respiration related to breathing?

Back 68

Breathing takes in the oxygen that is needed for cellular respiration and breathing gets rid of the carbon dioxide that is produced during cellular respiration.

Front 69

Explain how cells produce more cells.

Back 69

1) the chromosomes copy themselves 2) the nucleus breaks down 3) the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 4) each copy of the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell 5) a nucleus forms around each new set of chromosomes 6) the cell splits in half

Front 70

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Back 70

The purpose of mitosis is to produce more identical cells.

Front 71

Heredity

Back 71

the passing of traits from one generation to the next

Front 72

Dominant trait

Back 72

the trait that overpowers the recessive trait

Front 73

Recessive trait

Back 73

the trait that gets overpowered by the dominant trait

Front 74

Gene

Back 74

one set of instructions for an inherited trait

Front 75

Allele –

Back 75

one of the different form of the same gene

Front 76

Phenotype –

Back 76

an organisms physical appearance

Front 77

Genotype

Back 77

the specific combination of genes for one trait

Front 78

Probability –

Back 78

the likelihood that a possible future event will occur

Front 79

Homozygous –

Back 79

when the genotype has two of the same alleles

Front 80

Heterozygous –

Back 80

when the genotype has two different alleles

Front 81

Meiosis

Back 81

the process of producing sex cells which have half the number of chromosome as the original cell

Front 82

Sex chromosome –

Back 82

the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of the offspring

Front 83

Explain how genes and alleles are related to genotypes and phenotypes.

Back 83

A gene is a set of instructions for the same trait. Different forms of the same gene are called alleles

Front 84

Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces cells that are identical to the original cell, while meiosis produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Back 84

Mitosis produces cells that are identical to the original cell, while meiosis produces sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Front 85

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Back 85

To produce sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cells.

Front 86

DNA –

Back 86

a molecule that contains the genetic information of an organism

Front 87

Nucleotide –

Back 87

a subunit of DNA that is made of a sugar, phosphate and a base

Front 88

Double helix –

Back 88

the shape of a DNA molecule

Front 89

DNA replication – the process in which DNA copies itself

Back 89

the process in which DNA copies itself

Front 90

RNA –

Back 90

a nucleic acid that helps DNA to make proteins

Front 91

Ribosome –

Back 91

the organelle that makes proteins

Front 92

Mutation –

Back 92

a change in the sequence of bases in a DNA chain

Front 93

Describe the basic structure of DNA.

Back 93

The DNA molecule has the shape of a twisted ladder. Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides of the ladder and nucleotide bases form the rungs of the ladder. The molecule is made of subunits called nucleotides which are made of sugar, phosphate and base.

Front 94

What are the four possible bases in a nucleotide of DNA?

Back 94

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Front 95

Which bases form complementary pairs?

Back 95

Adenine and thymine form a pair and cytosine and guanine form a pair.

Front 96

1) What are the two important functions DNA must be able to perform?

Back 96

DNA must be able to copy itself and provide instructions for making proteins.

Front 97

1) Describe how DNA copies itself.

Back 97

The DNA molecule untwists and unzips. Then, free floating nucleotide bases attach themselves to the exposed nucleotide bases along each side of the DNA molecule forming a new DNA molecule.

Front 98

1) Explain the relationship between DNA, genes and proteins.

Back 98

Genes are located on the DNA molecule. There are several genes on each DNA molecule. Each gene provides instructions for making a specific protein.

Front 99

1) Outline the basic steps in making a protein.

Back 99

The DNA molecule untwists and unzips. Then, free floating nucleotide bases attach themselves to the exposed nucleotide bases along one side of the DNA molecule forming a mRNA molecule. The mRNA molecule separates from the DNA molecule and is transported out of the nucleus. The mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome and tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome. The ribosome attaches the amino acids to each other forming a protein.

Front 100

1) Are DNA mutations good or bad? Why?

Back 100

Sometimes DNA mutations are good which allows evolution to occur. Sometimes DNA mutations are bad and can cause health problems in organisms.

Front 101

Species –

Back 101

a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring.

Front 102

Evolution –

Back 102

the process in which populations gradually change over time

Front 103

Adaptation –

Back 103

a characteristic that that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Front 104

Selective breeding –

Back 104

The human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits

Front 105

Natural selection –

Back 105

the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals

Front 106

How does evolution happen?

Back 106

1) Evolution happens through natural selection. Here are the steps of natural selection: 1) there is an overproduction of offspring by members of a species 2) every individual inherits its own combination of traits 3) The members of a species struggle to survive 4) those individuals that are best adapted to the environment survive to reproduce and pass their traits on to their offspring.