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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metric System |
Internationally agreed decimal system of measurement that was introduced by France in 1799 |
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Meter |
is a metric system unit of length |
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Liter |
is a metric system unit of volume |
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Gram |
is a metric system of mass |
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Celsius |
Also known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature |
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Scientific Process Skills |
Observing, inferring, predicting, classifying, making models, communicating, measuring, calculating |
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Scientific Method |
The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments |
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Observation |
Using one or more of your senses -sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch- to gather information about the world |
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Quantitive |
Are descriptions that use numbers |
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Qualitive |
Are descriptions that do not use numbers |
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Inference |
is explaining or interpreting an observation or statement |
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Prediction |
Making an inference about a future event based on current evidence or past experience |
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Hypothesis |
Is a prediction about the outcome of a science investigation |
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Matter |
Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Atoms |
Smallest part of an element; basic building block of all substances |
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Pure Substances |
Elements and compounds that have a specific set of identifying properties |
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Elements |
Atoms of the same kind that cannot be broken down further by physical or chemical means; a pure substance |
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Compounds |
Substances made of two or more elements chemically combined; a pure substance
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Molecule |
Formed as a result of two or more atoms combining - the atoms may be the same kind or different kinds |
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Mixtures |
Composed of two or more different substances that retain their own individual properties; are combined physically |
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Heterogeneous Mixture |
The component substances are visibly distinguished; uniform throughout |
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Homogeneous Mixture |
The component substances cannot be visibly distinguished; uniform throughout |
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Solution |
Another name for homogeneous mixture |
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Physical Properties |
Characteristics of matter that can be measured and observed without changing the makeup of the substance |
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Boiling Point |
Temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas; a physical property |
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Melting Point |
Temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid; a physical property |
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Density |
The measure of an object's mass compared to volume; heaviness compared to size/volume |
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Luster |
The physical property of shininess or the way a substance reflects light; a dull luster means that the substance is not shiny |
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Malleable |
A physical property of metals that allows then to be hammered into different shapes |
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Ductile |
A physical property of metals that allows them to be drawn out into a wire |
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Brittle |
A physical property that allows a substance to break or shatter easily |
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Conductivity |
A physical property of substances that allows heat or electricity to move easily through them |
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Periodic Table |
Chart of known elements arranged in rows by ascending atomic numbers and columns |
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Families |
Are columns of elements on the periodic table that have many similar properties; they are usually numbered 1-8 |
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Periods |
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
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Metals |
One of the large classifications of elements generally located on the left side of the periodic table - to the left of the zigzag line |
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Nonmetals |
One of the large classifications of elements generally located on the right side of the periodic table - to the right side of the zigzag line |
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Chemical Symbol |
A one, two, or three letter representation of an element; the first letter is always capitalized |
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Chemical Formula |
Represents a compound; contains element symbols and the ration of atoms |
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Chemical Equation |
Contains chemical formulas and other symbols used to represent a chemical reaction that has occurred |
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Chemical Reaction |
Any change that alters the chemical propertied of a substance or forms a new substance |
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Reactants |
Substances that are broken apart or combined on a chemical reaction |
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Products |
New substances formed on a chemical reaction |
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Yields (->) |
To become; symbol between the reactants and products in a chemical equation |
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Law Of Conservation Of Matter |
A scientific law which states that mass/matter cannot be created or destroyed; in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products |
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Balanced Equation |
Supports the Law Of Conservation Of Matter by showing that the type and number of reactant atoms is equal to those in the product(s) |
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Coefficient |
A whole number places in front of the symbol or formula in a chemical equation to show the number of atoms or molecules involved as reactants or products |
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Chemical Properties |
Properties that can only be observed when there is a change in the composition of a substance |
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Burning |
A chemical process that takes place when a substance reacts with oxygen quickly and releases heat and light energy |
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Rusting |
A chemical process that takes place when a substance reacts with oxygen and water slowly |
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Physical Change |
Change in appearance or state of matter changes but the substance's properties and makeup remain the same |
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Chemical Change |
A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances |
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Precipitate |
Tiny particles of a solid in liquid, made by a chemical reaction when two solutions are combined |
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Acids |
Chemicals with a pH lower than 7; sour-tasting (if a food), corrosive compounds that react with metals |
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Bases |
Chemicals with a pH higher than 7; bitter-tasting, usually solid substances that feel slippery when dissolved in water |
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Neutral |
Neither acid not base; a pH of 7, pure water |
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pH |
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is; measured on a scale with a range of 0-14 |
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Indicator |
A substance used to determine pH; e.g. litmus paper, pH paper, phenolphthalein |
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pH Paper |
Has a range of colors depending on the pH solution. The color is compared to the chart on the vial to determine the pH |
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Phenolphthalein |
Used to test the presence of a base. A colorless chemical that turns magenta (bright pink) in a base, and stays colorless in neutral or acidic solutions |
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Red Litmus Paper |
Turns blue in the presence of a base |
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Blue Litmus Paper |
Turns red in the presence of an acid |
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Microscope |
An instrument that makes small objects look larger |
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Compound microscope |
A light microscope that has more than one lens |
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Eyepiece |
Contains the 10X magnifying lens |
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Course Adjustment Knob/Focus |
Focuses the image under low power
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Fine Adjustment Knob/Focus |
Focuses the image under high power |
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Objective Lens |
Two or three separate lenses that contain varying powers of magnifying lenses |
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Stage and Stage Clips |
Supports and hold the microscope slide in place while viewing |
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Diaphragm |
Controls the amount of light available |
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Light Source |
A mirror or external or internal light source that shines light through the object being viewed |
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Arm |
Supports the body tube which connects the eyepiece to the set of objective lenses |
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Base |
Supports the microscope |
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Cell |
Basic unit of structure and function of a living thing; the smallest unit of life that conducts all life functions |
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Organelles |
Structures that are part of a cell that perform life functions |
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Cell Membrane |
Thin, flexible, outer covering of a cell |
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Cytoplasm |
All the gel-like fluid, or living material, inside a cell |
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Nucleus |
Cell structure that directs all activities of the cell, contains DNA |
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Vacuole |
Large, round sac in the cytoplasm of a cell, the storage center(s) in the cell |
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Chloroplasts |
Food-making structures within a plant cell; contain chlorophyll that enable plants to perfom photosynthesis |
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Mitochondria |
Rod-shaped structures that are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell; use oxygen to release energy from food - respiration takes place here |
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Cell Wall |
Outermost boundary of plant cells that is made of cellulose; provide extra support and shape for plant cells |
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Organism |
Entire living thing that carries out all the basic life functions |
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Osmosis |
The diffusion of water across a membrane |
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Waste Elimination/Diffusion |
A survival process by which food molecules, oxygen, water, and other materials enter and leave a cell through the membrane |
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Photosynthesis |
A survival process in a plant that allows it to make its own food |
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Respiration |
A survival process in which simple sugars are broken down, and the energy they contain is released |
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Mitosis |
The process of cell reproduction by which the nucleus divides into two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes that the parent cell had; enables a cell to make an exact copy of itself |
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Bacteria |
Unicellular microorganism that does not have a nucleus |
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Bacillus |
Rod shaped bacteria |
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Spirilla |
Spiral shaped bacteria |
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Coccus |
Round shaped bacteria |
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Protists |
Organisms of the kingdom Protists; usually one-celled, have a nuclear membrane, live in moist conditions |
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Euglena |
Type of protist that uses a whip-like structure to move |
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Flagella |
Long whip-like structures used to pull themselves |
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Paramecium |
Type of protist that moves and captures food and move by tiny hair like structures |
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Cillia |
Beating tiny hair-like structures used for movement and to capture food |
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Amoeba |
Uses false feet to move and capture food |
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Pseudopods |
Finger-like structures that project forward |
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Trait |
Physical characteristics passed on from parent to offspring |
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Genes |
The basic cellular unit of heredity |
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Chromosomes |
Structures found in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic information |
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Inheritance/Heredity |
The passing of traits from one generation to another |
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Allele |
Each form of a gene |
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Phenotype |
Visible characteristic of an organism; encompasses an organism's physical and behavioral characteristics |
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Dominant |
The stronger trait in genetics; masks the recessive trait in a chromosome pair |
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Genotype |
A set of genes carried by the organism |
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Recessive |
The weaker trait in genetics; it is fully or partially masked in a chromosome pair |
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Punnett Square |
Tool used to show probability of allele combinations |
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Probability |
The likelihood of a certain outcome |
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Monohybrid Cross |
The inheritance of a single characteristic |
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Acquired Traits |
Any characteristics or behavior that is not genetic/inherited is said to be the result of environment factors; e.g. temperature, diet/nutrients, disease, medical care, or living conditions |
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Purebred/Homozygous |
Having two identical alleles for a trait |
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Hybrid/Heterozygous |
Having two different alleles for a trait |
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Tissues |
Similar types cells that perform the same function (e.g. all muscle tissue contracts), fours types - nerve, muscle, epithelial, and connective |
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Organs |
A structure made up of different types of tissues that work together to do a specific job; e.g. the heart is made of muscle and connective tissue |
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Organ systems |
A group of two or more organs working together for a specific job; e.g. digestive system |
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Muscular system |
The body system that supports the body and enables it to move; major organs include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles |
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Skeletal muscles |
Voluntary muscles attached to bones and provide the force needed to move the bones |
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Voluntary muscles |
A muscle that is under conscious control |
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Involuntary muscles |
A muscle that is not under conscious control |
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Smooth muscles |
Involuntary muscles that control many types of movement with the body (such as digestion) |
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Cardiac muscles |
Involuntary muscles that forms the heart |
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Tendons |
Connect the skeletal muscles to bones |
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Skeletal System |
The body system that protects and supports the body; has five functions-provides shape and support, allows movement, protects tissues and organs, stores certain material, produces blood cells; major organs and include the bones |
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Bones |
Provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs and structures; some bones produce blood cells; some store minerals |
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Joints |
Occur where two or more bones meet |
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Ligaments |
Attach bones at the joints - bone to bone |
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Cartilage |
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that gives support to some parts of the body |
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Digestive system |
The body system that takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance |
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Mouth |
Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion |
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Esophagus |
The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach |
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Stomach |
Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and secretes gastric juices that continue the process of chemical started in the mouth |
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Small Intestine |
Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and secretes gastric juices that continue the process of chemical started in the mouth
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Large Intestine |
The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining undigested food for elimination from the body |
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Rectum |
A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated |
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Anus |
A muscular opening in the end of the rectum through which digestive waste material is eliminated form the body |
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Liver |
A secondary organ of the digestive system that produce bile, which is used by the body to break up fat particles |
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Gallbladder |
A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to store bile produced by the liver |
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Pancreas |
A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to produce digestive juices that help to further break down the food in the small intestine |
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Integumentary System |
The body system that covers and protects the body; major organ is the skin |
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Skin |
Covers the body and prevents the loss of water; protects the body from infection and injury; ite helps to regulate body temperature, get rid of wastes (sweat), receive information from the environment and produce vitamin D |
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Pivot |
Allows one bone to rotate around another |
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Hinge |
Allows extensive forward and backward motion |
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Ball and Socket |
Allows the greatest range of motion |
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Gliding |
Allows one bone to slide over another |
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Circulatory system |
Carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from the cells |
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Heart |
Causes the blood to flow through the body by its pumping action |
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Blood vessels |
Tubes that carry blood throughout the entire body |
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Arteries |
Most carry blood that has oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body |
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Veins |
Carry waste products from all parts of the body back to the heart |
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Capillaries |
Are very small vessels where oxygen and nutrients leave the blood to go into the cells and carbon dioxide and other waste products enter the blood from the cells |
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Blood |
Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that have different functions |
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Red blood cells |
A cell in the blood that takes up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to cells elsewhere in teh body |
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White blood cells |
A blood cell that fights disease |
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Platelets |
A cell fragment that plays an important part in forming blood clots |
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Plasma |
The liquid part of blood |
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Respiratory System |
The body system in which oxygen is brought into the body and carbon dioxide is released; major organs include nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm |
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Nose |
Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the trachea |
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Trachea |
The windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs |
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Bronchi/Bronchus |
Tube that moves air from the trachea to the lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside |
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Lungs |
The main organs where gases are exchanged between air and the blood |
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Alveoli |
Where the gas exchange takes place |
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Diaphragm |
The muscle that aids in the breathing process |
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Excretory Stystem |
The body system that helps rid the body of wastes, toxins, and excess water or nutrients; major organs include kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
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Urine |
A watery fluid produced by the kidneys that contains urea and other waste materials |
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Kidneys |
Get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials released by the cells. These are eliminated by urine |
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Ureters |
Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder |
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Bladder |
A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body |
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Urethra |
Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body |
