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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
prokaryote
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smallest and most common microorganisms
have no nucleus to contain genetic material |
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eubacteria
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larger of the 2 kingdoms
live in fresh water salt water, land, and within humans e coli their cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a carbohydrate |
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archaebacteria
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lack peptidoglycan and have
live in harsh environments different membrane lipids DNA sequeunces are more like eyukaryotes than eubacteria |
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methanogens
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archaebacteria prokaryotes
live in oxygen free environments like mud or |
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bacilli
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rod shaped
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sprialla
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spiral and corkscrew shaped
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cocci
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spherical
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chemoheterotrophs
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must take in food to obtain energy and carbon supply
humans are |
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photoheterotrophs
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use sunlight for energy, but also need to take in organic compounds as a carbon source
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photoautotrophs
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use light energy to convert CO2 and water to C compounds and Oxygen
found near plentiful sunlight |
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cyanobacteria
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contain bluish pigment and chloryphyll a, water or land
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chemoautotrophs
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like photoautotrophs, make organic C molecules from CO2
unlike photos, they dont use light they use energy from reactions using mostly ammonia |
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obligate aerobes
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require a constant supply of O
myobacterium TB |
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obligate anaerobes
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must live w/o O
clostridium botulinum |
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facultative anarobes
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dont need O, but are not killed by its presence
they can switch from cellular respiration to fermentation, letting them live just about anywhere E COLI |
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binary fission
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asexual
when bacterium has grown and nearly doubled, it replicates its DNA and divides in half producting 2 daughter cells |
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conjugation
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a hollow bridge forms b/w 2 bacterial cells and genes move from one to the other
this transfer increases genetic diversity in populations of bacteria |
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spores
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formed when growth conditions become unfavorable
they help bacteria survive harsh conditions |
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endospore
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formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm
can remain dominant for years while waiting for favorable growth conditions, it will germinate and the bacterium will begin to grow again. |
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Why are bacteria important?
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vital to maintaining the living world
some are producers, some are decomposers, some have human uses |
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nitrogen fixation
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process of converting N gas into a form that plants can use
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human uses of bacteria
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one type can clean up petroleum
another remove waste and poisons from water used in a large variety of foods and beverages |
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Viruses are made of particles of
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nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids
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viruses can only reproduce by
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infecting living cells
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composition of a virus
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a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
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capsid
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virus's protein coat
includes proteins that enbable a virus to enter a host cell |
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bacteriophages
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viruses that can affect bacteria
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lytic infection
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a virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
Bacteriophage T4 |
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lysogenic infections
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a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and teh viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell's DNA
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prophage
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the viral DNA embedded in the host's DNA
can remain part of the host cell's DNA before becoming active |
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retroviruses
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conatin RNA as their genetic information
when they infect a cellt they produce a DNA copy of their own RNA like in prophages, this DNA is inserted into the host cell's DNA |
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How do retroviruses get their names?
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their genetic information is copied backward- from RNA to DNA instead of DNA to RNA
AIDS is one |
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pathogens
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disease causing agents
disease can be described a conflict b/w the pathogen and the host |
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What are the 2 ways that bacteria produce disease?
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1. damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food
2. release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body interferring with normal activity of the host |
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using cellls for food example
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myobacterium TB
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realeasing toxins example
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streptoccus
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vaccine
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preaparation of weakened or killed pathogens
prompts body to produce immunity to the disease |
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antibiotics
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compounds that block the gworth and reproduction of bacteria
can cure many bacterial diseases |
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way to control bacterial growth
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1.sterilizing by heat
- msot bacteria cannot live in high temperatures 2. Disinfectants- chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria. used in handwashes, bathroom or kitchen cleaning fluids 3. food storage (temperature) and processing- boiling, frying, steaming, refrigerating kill bacteria canning food can be overused leading to loss of immunity |
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viroids
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single stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids.
PLANTS |
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prions
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protein infectous particles
ANIMALS |